Farming and Cooperatives

Media

Part of Farming and Cooperatives

Title: Farming and Cooperatives
Issue Date: Volume II (Issue No.2) February 1947
Year: 1947
Language: English
Rights
extracted text: LIBRARY • ONIVEftSlTY OF THE PRILIPP/ . ~S . - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- - --ria .. 1aQa. -, -- - I. a, f llt y,,_,p ][ 40. ;;z F~ . I I 9{-fTHE "ARIEN'S" ROTOTILLER MODEL B ROTOTILLER VS. C:ARABAO (Article on page 12) THE MONTHLY AGRICULTURAL JOURNAL THAT REACHES EVERY HOME I 1---·-~""""'""'""'='""W""l""'TH=""""'""'"'"""""'"'""'"""";::;:l!'f •• • --• A MISSION OF SERVICE f FEBRUARY, 1947-VOL. II, No. 2 11 1' ~ "LET US UNDERTAKE A TICK ERADICATION CAMPAIGN ON A NATIONWIDE SCALE NOW THAT OUR STOCK POPULATION IS AT ITS LOWEST." -VICENTE ARANET.4. P0.60 PER COPY DISTINCTION OF SERVICE FARMING AND COOPERATIVES Vol. II-No. 2 Feb., 1947 ARTICLES PAGE Mechanized Food Production In the Philippines--Amando M. Dalisay . . . . . . . . . . 2 ••Activated Composting", Simple fertilized ProductionR. R. Ve Arana .. .. . .. . 4 The Raising. of Goramy-The DWision of Fi.sheries . . . . 6 DEPARTMENTS Jn Lighter Vein . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Questions and Answers On Duck Raising (end)-CarZos X. Burgos . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Cooperative Movement-Farm lmprovement-Hila.rion S. Silayan •••..•. ~.......... 10 Progressive Farming-Rototillers ................... 12 Home and Women's .ComerDevices (USIS) . . . . . . . . 13 March of Events 14 With Our Cross-Insecticide for Our Crops .......... . 15 With Our Government (Bernabe Rice Mills) ....... . 16 AVERAGE MONTHLY RAINFALL AND RAINY DAYS FOR THE MONTH OF FEBRUARY IN DIFFEliENT TY.PES First Type:..,;,.,Two pronounced seasons; Day in Winter and Spring, Wet in Summer and Autumn. STATION Years Iloilo City .............................. ·I 36 Lapuslapus, Iloilo City ................... 1 20 Cuyo, Palawan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Bat~mgas, Batangas .........•...........• 1 30 Calatagan, Batangas ..................... · 1 18 Lian, Batangas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 18 Ambulong, Tanaunn, Batangas . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Canlubang, Laguna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Santa C!'uz, Laguna ...................... J 28 Fo~ Mills, Conell'.idor .................... · I 28 Cav1te Naval Station, Cav1te ............. · 1 21 Lam!lo, :e:orticultul'al Station, Bataan . . . . 20 Manlla City ............................. ; 73 Antipolo, Rizal ......................... · j 36 Bosoboso, Rizal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 La llrlesa, Rizal .......................... · 1 13 Montalban, Rizal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Olo.nKapo, Zambales ..................... · 1 20 Iba, Zambales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2!J Dagupan, Pnngasinan .................. · 1 30 ~~rur0 M~~~~g -~~".'~.a~~·-~~~~~~i~. ~.':o_v_i~~~:: ~~ San Fernando, La Union ................ I 36 Sagada, Mount~in Pr~ince ............. · I 20 Bontoc, l'.lountam Pt-o\·mce ............... , 20 Vigan, Ilocos Sur ....................... · j 36 Laoag, Ilocos Norte .................. _ .. _, .. , ____ ao_ __ Rainfall Average Monthl11 mm. 44.7 36.8 10.0 18.3 7.3 17.4 14.4 25.2 30.9 3.7 13.9 9.0 11.7 l!U) 12.4 24.2 2!i.O •1.2 (\ .. ) 1-i.i; 1•).2 2J.:l 7..1 27.0 23.:~ 7.2 'i.O I Average .Monthl11 Rainy Days 7 6 1 4 2 2 3 6 7 1 2 1 3 4. 2 4 l 1 2 2 l 4 1, 7 ·I AVERAGE MONTHLY RAINFALL AND HAINY DAYS FOR THE MONTH OF FEBRUARY IN DIFF'EUENT TYPES Second Type:-No dry season with n very pronounced maximum rainfall in Winter. STATION Compostela, Davao ........................ I Hinatuan, Surigao ........................ I Butunn, Agusan .......................... I Surigao, Surigao ......................... I Guiuan, · Samar ......•................... I Tacloban, Leyte ......•................... I Borongan, . Sama11 •..... ; .................. I Catbalogan, Samar ....................... I Length of Record Average Monthly Rainfall I Average Mo11thly Rainy Daus ---With . Our Tenants-Agricultural ·Engineering Publication Letter-Dr· Cruz •... Legaspi, Albay ........ , ................. . Virac, Albay .. " ...................... .' .. I Atimonan, Quezon (Tayabas) ............ I Years 12 11 35 36 26 35 36 23 36 30 36 mm. 233.5 427.6 189.0 376.9 341.8 216.9 438.9 197.9" 292.9 204.1 113.0 224.8 207.5 292.8 276.3 9 21 18 19 19 17 21 16 16 15 13 17 Editori&J. - Farming And ·Science ........ ; ......... . 20 ,--Pu-bU-ahe-r:--P-H_J_L-IP_j'_lN_l':_P_'.ARM __ ERS __ .. ' ASSOCIATION. INC. STAPP: Hilarlon BllaJ'an. Bdiwr: Raul R. de Arana. Jl&ftll.uiau Editor a'llCI Bui11eH M&'IHIOflf': Dr. Santiqo R. Cruz, TeeJ&... t1i«JI CO.....ltanl: Mn.· Miia. - V; Leoeadlo. Adw.r&iain11 Repracntali••· EDlTosuJ; AND · Bus°'""8 OmCE: .. 10&& ArloSl!I. Manila P. L SU88CBIPTION RArls: One 1"B1' -· - - - P8.00 li:a11 year - - - - ra.oo ~ .ae aeconCi· dca· .mattn al Ute J.IA..'<JLA p..,,; OFFICE Dee. ,,. 11~$. FARMING AND COOPERATIVES Pandan, Albay ... ; ......•..•...•......... I Luebal}t ·~uezon (Tayabas) ........ · · · · · · · · j Daet, ~amarines Norte ................... . Infanta, Quezon (Tayabas) .........•..... I 7 11 12 12 (Continued on page 5) 8 18 17 19 DIRECTORS OF THE PHILIPPINE FARMERS ASSOCIATION ----oOo...---1. Don RICARDO GONZALEZ - PrendetJI 2. Secretarir MANUEL V. GALLEGO - Vice-Pnnllenl 3, Mr. DINDO GONZALEZ - Sec=Feiturv·T1'£a1vrer 4. Mr. SIXTO L. SISON - G.,.erol Manaf11T .&. Atty. GUILLERMO. GU:SVARRA - Le11ialalion 6. Mr. HILARJON SJLAYAN - Aorlcullural PToblema V. Mr. JOSE COJUANGCO - Banklno 8. Mr. LUIS DB LEON - Socia< A/faire 9. ~;,. A1"TONJO VJLLARAllA - Member 10. Dr. JOSE JOS:S - Member 11. Dfia. NARCISA ,VDA. DB L:SON - M-ber 1 Mechanized Food Production In The Philippines B11 AMA!VDO M. DA.LISAY . (Dr; Ainando M. Dalisay is a me1nbe1· of the ne1l"ly organfaed Rice and Corn CorporotiOfl. (Prodt1.etion end, as ~.iff_e1·en_tia.ted from. the Nm"ic which is in charge of Prom,rement and D1sfribut·1on) created by P1·es.ident Roias lately. · For the .first tim.e in the Philippines, the go11cmm.ent taking the initiat.ive, Filipinos will go into mechan~z~d ·ric_e farming in a big ~cale. Th.is progressive move .of the ad·1mmstmt1011 calls for the people's W18tinted cooperatWn-and encoumgement as its success will be duplicated on our private farms. Dr. Dalisay has kindl11 gfoen ·us the first ·opportunity to :publish this article of his /01· which we a.i·e thankful to him, and toe are t.•ery happy to be able to ui·ve our readers factual first hand nport on this very interesting pi·oject of the hour. Editor's note.) . The implementation of the report presented by the Rice and Corn Production Commission to the President of the Philippines will usher in the real beginnings of ·mechanized agriculture in this eountry. For the first time, the production of rice and corn and other food crops \\ill be undertaken with the use of modern mechanized methods, starting from planting to harvesting and to the proces.~ng of the product. Heretofore, the sole reliance of our farm population foi: their food crops has been the slow and semiprimitive method of animal and hand culture. Henceforth, our ·agriculture will enter the era of modern mechanization. The· President of the Philippines; in appointing the members of the Rice and Corn Production Commission in accordance with the provisions of Administrative .Order No. 20, gave them a threefold purpose, namely : to recommend· areas of public lil.nds and of the idle and abandoned private lands that are· suitable for immediate development; to determine the. means and submit plans by which these areas may be put into immediate cultivation for · the production of rice, corn, and other food crops; and to ascertain the feasibility of utilizing modern farm machinery and equipment under Philippine conditions. To this Commission, the President appointed Felipe Buencamino, Jr., as Chairman, Eduardo Cojuang'co; Jose G:aston, Senen Gabii.li!Qu, and .Luis Lichauco-all 1arge_ rice planters; and Jose S. Camus, llilarion Henar~s. Vicente Tordesillas and Amanda M. Dalisay -- all government technicaf men. members. The Commission . was instructed to go to work immediately and submit its report not later than December 15, 1946. After the Commission has made a careful study of the problems involved in mechanized agriculture and after having made preliminary surveys of the possible sites for mechanized food production, it reached a unanimous conclusion that the President's plan of putting into cultivation 500,000 hectares in five years, at the rate of ioo,ooo hectares a year, for the purpose of producing annually 15,000,000 cavans of palay and 5,000,000 cavans of corn, merited imp1ediate adoption. It was pointed I out that the fproduction plan is practicable and economically feasible in view of the availability of adequate personnel, large tracts of public lands as well as idle private lands, and a sub.stantial quantity of war surplus equipment and materials which can be used in mechanized farming. The Commission is of the firm opinion that because mechanized agriculture is a success in the United States and in all progressive countries, it will also be a success in the Philippines. The Commission, relying on its own personnel and on technical assistance from the various govnernmet agencies, particufarly the Soil Conservation Service of the Department of Agriculture and Commerce and the :Bureau . of Lands, made extensive studies of the requirements of each 10,000 hectare project, going into minute details of the neeEls for man labor and tech.nical personnel, the machinery, equipment, and other materials required and the financial questions involved. Consequently, detailed gu4gets were prepared for the operation of a planning and supervising office in Manila, for the operation and management of each 10,000-hec-. tare project, and for the immediate operation of a pilot farm of about 2,000 hectares. All such studies were based on the operating needs for the whole year of a farm unit or project in full running order, as well as on its equipment and other capital r~quire ments. The Commission did not spnrc any effort in uuderlaking vreliminary surH!~·s o:f the various possible sites thal ..:ould irnmediatelv b(' put into C'uiti•·;\tion. Tlw Dt;partment of .A.t.~ ric<ilt u ,-c• "nd Commerce, Ht lhe rt::_1uc-:1 d!' 1.bc~ Con~ mission, sent out n·ttJll:!;:1:-:~ii-:;,:.i! parties which nrncle dt. tailu1l :;11:·veys of project :-;i1 e~< in f,;;,lwb, Carnarines Sur, :\Ii11doi·o, .:"\egTo~. Bukidnon and Cotalrnto. At the• same time, some memhc:r~ 0r ·,he Commh!sion went out in the field and inspected in a p1·elirni1nr:; manner six tracts of l::rg-eiy j,l}i; and abandoned private and p11blic lands in Pangasinan and Nueva Ecija. The report and recommendations of the Commission were presented to the President at the appointed time. On the whole, the Commission endorsed the mechanization of the production of rice and corn on certain sites that were survey~d. and advocated the capitalization of a separate entity of the Government to undertake this mechanized farming. All available equipment in the surplus war materials that were turned over to the Philippine Government, and which are suitable for agricultural production, are recommended to be reserved for· this program. Only equipment that can not be ·made available in this manner and which will be used largely to supplement the surplus equipment ar~ to be purchased from private firms. Among the most important recommendations of the Commission, the· following may be mentioned : l; That a corporation be hnmediately organized to put the program into ex~cution; it should be authorized and empowered to use public and· priftte . lands that are idle ·and aban· dQJ'led. ln ·orde'r .to cany out this plan in ·full the. Corporation should be capitalized at P2S,ooo,0oo.oo. . 2. That in the exeeiltion · Of the plan, - be selected. in Luzon, Vi· sayas and Mindanao, based on the reports of the . five reeonnissance teanis now in the field. In the 'mean· time, there ·m sites which may be opend right away in PanPsinan and Nuen Eeija. 3; That a 2,000 hectare project be imllli!diately startd in lands within the Sabani Estate which are now va· cant t.o the extent of 3,000 hectares, using therein equipment which the AMEC bas at present available. Thus much valuable exeperienee would be gained in the few months intervening before. the dev!elopment of larger tracts is undertaken. 4. ·That all equipment. needed· in this plan, as listed by the Commission and now in possession of the AlilEC and the Surplus Property Commission, as well as those to be receiFed from th UNRRA, be reserved. · 5. That in order to insure the acquisition of 8qwpment and materials, not surplus, which. are not available. from local firms, a ·representative of the President be sent to the United States to give ~dusive 'attenti~n to their procurement in that cioiintry. When the reconnaisance survey of the proposed sites were ·completed, the Commission recommended to the President the opening up this year of six projects, one each in the Malig Plain of the Cagayan Valley, in Nueva Ecija, in Pangasinan, . in · Mindoro, in Nenos, and in Cotabato .. Tei give· the reader an insight in~-0: the operation and management of the . projects under consideration, the following data covering the operation of the Manila· Office and of a complete project of 10,000 hectares are hereby indicated: In the opinion of the Chairman of the Commission, the total estimate of P2,610,000 is the minimum that may be expended to ensure efficiency and good results in each project. In this connection, it is of interest to note that in NEWSWEEK of December 16, 1946, President Aleman of Mexico asked his Congress for an appropriation of P600,000 ..o cultivate 3,459,000 acres of land; this is an expenditure of approximately P412.00 per hectare. The estimated expenses indicated above would mean an expense of P261.00 per hectare here in the Philippines. Under the plan contemplated by the President .and endorsed by the Commission created by him, each 10,000-hectare project is estimated to produce annually 300,~ 000 cavans of palay, based on a minimum production of 30 cavans per hectare. At the least, there will also be produeed about .100,000 cavans of corn. This est.imat~ ed annual . production is expected to yield a total income of around P3,500,000.00. On the other hand, operating expenses for the Manila office and for the operation and management of the 10,000 hectare project, together 'Yith depre~ia tion and ·interest on the capital invested, will amount to a total of Pl,546,000.00. With five percent of gross income deducted as bo1. GENERAL PLANNING & SUPERVISING OFFICE IN MANILA •..............•..................•............. 2. OPERATION AND.MANAGEMENT OF: EACH .HECTARE PROJECT: . A. Capital Ezp81Ulea: (1) Surplus Equipment ................. . {2) Equipment Not Surplua ........ : .... , (3) Housing & . Warehoiising ............. . (4) Contin~t & U.nforeseen · ..•• ;· .•••..• B. 01*"ating Efitp81UI• • (1) Salaries & Wages ..... , ........... . (2) Fuel & Oils • • • · • • · · • • • • • • • • · • • • • • · • C3) Incidental; Traveling, Office Supp!ij!s, Medical, etc. .. ....••• : . .•.... ·· •• (4) Purcliaie of Seeds .•.......... : ..•.• (5) Cclnti112e11t & Unforeseen •.. , ..•.•.• 10,000· P444,844.60 368,156.00 400.000.00 127,000.00 611,200,00 264,196.00 .50,000.!)0 196,000.00 .129,606.00 p 130,000.00 1,330,0.00.00 l,160,000.00 Total for each project . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. • . .. .. . P2;480,000.00 .GRAND TOTAL FOR 1 AND 2: .................. . 1'2,610,000.00 FARMING A.ND COOPERATIVES nus, to. all.official~, timployees and laborers of each project, ·amoun~ ing to !P97,700.00; 'the net inqome of e~ch project is thus .·estimated at !Pl,866,300.00. By the end of the fifth year,· if all the ten projects contemplated could have been put in operation· every year and increased by that number each succeeding year, the production in those projects would have made the Philippines entirely self-sufficient in cereals. . To achieve the ends indicated above, the Manila office, which will be primarily for administration and supervision, will be un~ der an Administrator responsible to the President, assisted by a technical and a clerical staff. Each project will have a superintendent with full responsibility for the operation and management of the project and assisted by farm managers. engineer::;, and other techniciam<, each with his own duties ancl rei;ponsibilitie~. A general outline of the management and operating personnel is sketched above. An agricultural plan, no matter how well conceived ai the outset, is bound to meet certain difficulties. However, careful planning, with an understanding and appreciation of the main problems involved, provides a great deal of assurance that the most important aspects are not left out of consid'eration. In this manner, the battle for getting the project under way is practically half won. Nevertheless, it must be pointed out that certain problems will have to be met ·at the very beginning or in the process of putting the proposed sites in operation. In the first place, the entity of the government that will undertake this production program will have to ·anticipate the insufficiency of farm machinery and equipment with which to undertake two or more of the projects recommended. This insufficiency arises. not only from .the scarcity of agricultural equipmen~ . here in Manila. but also from the very small allocation to this country of machil).e• ry and equipment from' the, JJnitc ed States. Granted that there are enough tractors of all sizes avail~ able in the war surplus ·stock now under the control . of this G<ivernmimt; · there· remains· .the· ·problem· of providing these tractors with the necessary attachment, such as plows,. harrows, planters,· and grain drills, not to· mention bar-· ( Co7ftinued 011 page 18) ·"Activated Composting" Fertilizer Production Simple By: RA UL R PE Al:..\:\' . .\ Composting is probably one of the oldest meihods of utilizin!:' refuse, rli1·1, leaf mold, manure, peat, lime etc., min · bled and decompo>ed or decayed, to fer· tilize the soil for · more healthy plant growth.. ' It is economical, simple and effective. Jt is known as organic fertilizer as diiierentinted from chemical fertilizers which !s kn0 \\,1 :is inorganic fertilizer. Organic fert.i1i zers are eff ect.ive to enrich the soil because they are composed of bacteria which are the real fat. of the soil that give nourishment to plants. It is assimilated by t..lie soil more rasily as the bacteria arc really the end product of a soil's fertility. Also, organic fertilizer gives the soil the humus neces· sary for luxu riant plam growth. Th ;s is so because humus is the organic part of the soil, cool and easily assimilable to the plant; whereas, inorganic or chemical fe1tilizers, to become useful to the plant, must first. be decomposed in the soil into the elements absorbed or assimilate~ by the plants. In other words, the soil on)y assists the inorganic fertilizer to become elements which are forms, absorbed by the plant. Therefore, the incrganic fert.ilizer's assimilable form dnes not stay and become p;ut of the soil as the organic fer· tilizer which, like humus, becomes 'the organic part of the soil. Composting is known in practically all countries and is perhaps the oldest method of fertilizing. Savages a nd en· lightened people pYactice composting al· though savages cannot explain the che· mica! v alue of compost. But the fact is, they just know the value of compost from the result if gives the plants when applied to the soil. Jn the Philippines, composting has been a practice from time immemorial . There is no record that shows when the Filipinos started composting. This ls immaterial for our purpose, but this js mentioned in p~ssing, because now that cj1cmical (inorganic) fe1tilizers a!'e hard to get and inadequate, we do n"t avail ourselves fully, of using a method we. a1 ·e familia1· with since long Jong ago. Sometime ago, an article 011 compos.t· ing was published in this magazine 4 (\ 'ol.- J l'\o. :J) entitled " Preparat ion and Application of Cospost," by Mr. Gregorio S. Chan, Provincial Agricultural Super,·isor of Bataan. In his' ::t.rt.icle, M r. Chan also clnims c0mposting is not popular in this country although farm people are familiar with it. Of the methorls ~Ir - Chan discuss· cd, the . pit. met.hod is the most widely pmcticecl here . This is accompl ished b;• digging a pit 01· hole in the ground, genera ll y in the shade, where all household garbage~ JeaYes, dirt, manure and other refuse are dumped a nd left to de· cay. This late r, he ~ ays , "under fi eld or open ai r conditions, the compost is ready for use within fou r to fi \·e months''. Four to fiYe months is a long time. Sometimes it takes a year bcfo1·e hard materials like bones, hoofs, etc., a rc decayed and before a pi t full of mate· rials is completely fermented a nd de· composed ·to become aYai\able as fertilizer. Th is is of course to be expected as the method is primitive. There is however a method now used widely in the states that requires only thirty days t.o have compost fertilizer. This is known as IJActivated Composting." • ·'The 'Activated Composter Process' is an applied pri!1ciple of nature, th ru the use of a scientifically designed cabinet and th~ a pplication once each week of two activating compounds, r>rovided for the purpose of stimulating and adding to the favorable nat ural bacteriological action ." Ca.bi net.: " The De Luxe Model is square, approximately 33 inches wide by 5 feet high, w ith a capacity of approximately :i,000 lbs. of garbage, etc. per annum . -"All other models are about t.he ' ame width and height and a rc twice, three . times and four times the' length, with more than lour times the capacity of the De Luxe Model". r <ni Can Ru·ild Your Owu.: "The .acti\'ated Composter has been sci~n tifically designer! but is simple and easy to consfruct. Almost anyone can build a Composter who can handle a saw and follow the sim~Je plans fumished with complete ins· tructions. UE LUXE MOD F:L CO ~'I POS TI N G CARIN ET " You probabl y have much of the material suitable for th is, used material will do os it should be pain ted anyway. New material for the De Luxe Model should cost about r 50 .00" . Opcm t.ion : " Dump in the garbage, manures, small dead animals, birds, f ish, garden rubbish, green weeds, di rt and when available some leaves, grass cuttings, etc. No mixing, no turning over, no transf erring operations are necessary. Then com· poster (activating compound ) can b e dur11ped into everyday or in ter1~1ittcntl y or can be filled at one time. Thi rty days after sta1iing, composted material should become available continously, provided you keep on dumpi ng into the composte1· as the material in it settles and composts. " Garbage "'hen properly composted alone or in combination with cc1 ·tai n ·other waste mnte t·ials, ·jnobably becomes the most valuable of all pla nt foods containing rare tt·ace· clements so necessary for lasting soil fertility. Whm tli Use ihe .. Compos&#: "The ;ACtivated Comporter' as a uti· · lity is suitabie for 'homes.. estates, school&, operating eafeterias, ·. gardeners, . green houses;, glilf club&, resort }\otels, rabbit and poultry and dairy farms, or wherever it is desirable tO secure the maximum results from the conversion of waste. organic materials into a valuable fertilizer at · a minimum ·cost.;, .Booa ·.To. tJt6 City of llfanila: One of ·the worst enemies of city people is the· "stink" of · our pl'bage dumped' along the streets. It is unhealthy,· unsightly, and unbecoming of a city .as advanced as Manila. Yet 'all these dirt and stink could be ·canverted into an important necesSity of our countzy t.oday-fertili· zer. With the •Activated Composter' in place of our garbage cans and empty drums, the stinky smell of city garbage will disappear, becauile the· action of the "activating compounds" eliminate the smell of fermentmg and decaying materials. · Thll "Activated Composter'' will not onl)' · .iolve ~lanila's garbage problem but will be a source of revenue for the city. . This revenue is not' to be scoffed at as it may even cover the ·city government's payroll annually. The more .garbage there is under this process, the more ·blessing it is as it becomes a bigger source of income for our government. This i>f course could be expanded to all cities and towns of the Philippines. Then, fertilizer will no longer be a problem to ou.r government; to our farms and farmers if this is carried out. \IVithin the next month, models of this ."ACtivated Composter" wiU arrive in Manila. For .inquires, ·in~erested parties may inquire at the offii:e of .this· magazine at 1055 Arlegiii,' Manila: For Successful Farming Read FARMING AND . COOPERATIVES JOURNAL •VERAGE ·'HONTBL'Y RAINFALL .AND. RAINY DAYS. FOR THE MONTH OF FEBRUARY IN DIFFERE;NT TYl'ES (Continued /ran~ page 1) STATION Reconl I A11era~e Avera~e of Month fl Monthy ,Length Rain/al Rainy Days Years mm. Zamboanga City .......................... J San Ramon Pe.nal Colony (Heights), Zamboanga City .......................... . Sibuko Farm ·School, Zamboanga. ...... . Central Camp, Davao ................... . Dansalan, Lanao ........................ . Cagayan, Oriental Misamis .............. . Dumaguete, Oriental Negros ............. . Hacienda San Jose, Oriental Neg1'0s ..... . Iwahig Penal Colony, Palawan ........... . Hacienda Asia. Occidental Negros ........ I Central Bearin, Occidental Negros ........ I Binalbagan Estate, Occidental Negros ..... ··I Isabela Sugar Company, qccidental Negros .. 1 Cebu Sugar Company, Tahsay, Cebu ....... . ~~lenf~tYal~~j,~;~~;o', · 0°1.'i~~t~l 0N~g;.~; · : : : I Pontevedra, Occidental Neg1·os ............ I Lucena. Iloilo ............................ I Hacienda Lanjagan, Iloilo . ." .............. I Capiz, Capiz ............................ I Masbate, Masbate ........................ : Odiongan, Romblon ....................... I RGmblon, Romblon ....................... I 88 55.8 6 12 65.5 5 18 59.2 4 6 179.2 14 4 180.1 16 29 58.5 6 27 79.5 9 19 71.0 7 24 3!1.2 4 10 49.7 5 16 47.0 4 18 41.2 7 16 51.3 5 10 08.1 JO 36 ~') - ll IV.•} 19 (i(i.() 8 16 44.'7 !.i 20 54 . .:"i r; 10 42.7 ;) 36 !J'l.7 12 34 122.8 12 13 21.!3, 7 35 ~JJ.:J 11 Boac, Marinduque ........................ I San Pablo, Laguna .......... · ............ I rn;_. - IJG.l lZ ----30.!l 7 ---- ---AVERAGE MONTHLY RAINFALL AND RAINY DAYS FOR THE MONTH OF FEBRUARY IN DIFFERENT TYPES Fourth Type:-No very pronounced maximum rain period and no dry season. STATION Lapac Agricultural School, Sulu .......... I r.Jan, Cotabato ............... -. .......... l Jolo, Sulu ............................... I Paranglalap, Zamboanga ................. ! Latuan, Zamboanga ...................... I Upi, Cotabato ........................ ,. ... I Davao . City .............................. I Kidapauan, Cotabato .................... · I Marida~ao Rubber Experimental Station, Cotabato ..... : .......................... 1 Camp Mactan, Dava.11 .................... 1 lmpalutan, Bukidnon ..................... I Siari Valley Estates, Zamboanga .......... I Pam1>lona Plantation .companv, Oriental Neg.I Haci~da Palanas, Oriental Negros ........ I Tagbilarsn, Bohoy · · · · · · · ·: · · · · · · · · · · · · · · l Maasin, Levte ......... ·.· ................ _ Hawaiian Philiopine Company, Occ. Negroa. t North Negros Suar Company, Occ. Negros .. 1 Janiuay. Iloilo ....... : ................... i ·qrmoc, Leyte . , ....... · · · .... · · · .... · · · .. . Dueiias Iloilo ......•.••.......•......•.•. I BitaOgan, Iloi!o •..........•.•..••....... : . 1 Dumarao,. Cap1z .........•... ·: • ..... · ..... ~ Dao, Cap1z ............ · · · · .... · · · · · · .... · • Calbayog SamBl" ..... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · I Halci>n Rubber. Experimental Stat,iort, Mindoror Naj;a, · Camarines Sur . ·· ... · ...... ' · · · . ; •.. I . Length of Record Years 18 18 41 19 19 10 3G 18 9 G 11 9 11 19 36 36 18 15 18 36 20 20 20 20 35 9 35 Average Monthly Rainfa l mm. 92.1 78.8 105.0 98.5 73.7 99.4 113.4 110.3 134.7 157.8 115.9 ·78.0 73.4 62.7 90.0 156.4 122.0 158.1 56.8 112.4 54.8 84.0 99.4 11'1'.2 169.3 104.3 81.7 \ Ave.-age Monthly 1 Rainy Days 5 7 8 5 5 10 8 8 I '·8 I 14 ·I 13 6 I 7 7 I 11 8 ! 14. .I ]4 ., 10 I 12 I 8 I 8 I 8 I 10 i 16 I 12 I 9 :FARMING AND COOPERATIVES 5 THE RAISING OF GORAMY The· .11ora.,1.y.-The goramy are large fresh-water fish of Java, Madura, Sumatra, .and Borneo of the Malay Archipelago. Some authorities claim· that they are nath'e of Cochin-China. They ha\•e been introduced into Europe, Mauritius, Cayenne, and Australia in 1864; Madras in 1886; Ceylon in 1909; Philippine Islands in 192i; and other places as valuable food fish .. The gorarny have always been held in high esteem among both the Europeans and the natives of Java, and where•·er they have been introduced. They are also well liked in the Philippines. Their fies.Ji is of a light-yellow straw color, firm, and easy to digest. Form outlay.-A goramy farm outlay should consist of three units, namely, head pond, breeding pond, and rearing pond. The head pond, which is directly connected with the supply stream by means of a canal, acts as a resen·oir where the water can subside and breed plankton. The other divisiort! are constructed on either or both sides of a central canal that leads from. this pond. The breeding pond, or the ·stock pond, should be about two meters deep so that - the adult fish could move and swim about with ease and comfort. The rearing ponds are large ponds ( about as deep as the breeding pond) where the young fish, after the}· have been segregated from their parents, are kept until they reach marketable size. G-rowth of the goramy.-The goramv breed in captivity in their third 0~ fotlrth year. Their growth continues indefinitely, depending upon the conditions of their envirnoment. Under confinement they flourish and increase rapidly if th~ water. ia warm, well aerated, and extensive,. They continue to g_row for years and attain a very con~1derable age and size. The fry or newly-hatched fish are, of course, every small and more or less about half all inch in length; at. the end of the first rear they attain. a length of about 9 in~hes;: in the second. abollt · 12; in the third, about 14; and in their fourth year, 17 inches, at which time they may .be expected to breed. Spawning habits~The spawning season of goramy in the Philippines is th~oughout the year. On spawning, they 11a1.r off, each pair ilelecting a. suitable pla.ce wherein it constructs a crude nest. A muddv bottom ·of varying depths is preferred. .For· their nest they: a8u8.Uy use some -kind of water grass which6 By THE DIVISION OF FISHERIES grows on the surface of the water and whose floating roots, rising and falling with the movements of the water, form natural galle1·ies under \Vhich the fish can conceal themselves. In the pond, among the plants the goramy attach their nest of plants and mud, which is nearly of spherical form, resembling (in form) those of some birds. Nests vary in size in proportion to the fishes, but usually are about one foot at their longest diameter. It takes about a week for the fish to build the nest. When the. nest is completed, the female deposits her eggs which, in a mo· del'ate-sized individual, number from about 800 to 1,000. After the eggs have been depositerl and fecundated and w'hile theY. are hatching, the, pa1·cnts remain near, zealously guarding them. The eggs hatch in about 10 days, and in the nest the young find refuge during the first days of their life under the protection of their parents. The macerated vegetable matter of which the nest is partly composed, forms their ea1·liest and most suitable food. The young do not soon disperse, but keep together in schools under the guidance of the parent fish. Feeding habit.•.-The goramy are omnivorous, taking at times flesli, fish, frogs, insects, worms, and many kinds of vegetables; they arc, however, essentially vegetarian and are especially fond of the leaves of aquatic and semiaquatic plants. For the first two or three times a week with young termites (white ants), or anay, and with other insects, As they grow older they subsist upon the leaves of submerged water plants, kangkong, gabi; cabbage, radish, lettuce, etc. They also take po· tatoes, corn, camote leaves, arrowroot, bread and the like. Being essentially v~getarlan, they are apt to be preyed upon . by such carnivorous fresh-water species as the dalag, hito, and puyo. For this reason the supply and drain gates must De properly screened in order to p1·event the entranc~ of undesirable fish and fish eggs. The pond itself must be free from these species before stockin~ it with goramy. Commercial po•sibilit11.-The following figures ar~ based on prewar rates. To approcah present conditions the figures may be multiplied ten times. I. ·Probable capital: A. 1 hectare of fishpond site P200.00 B. Development of site . . . . J ,500.0ll C. Fluid capital . . . . . . . . . . 300.00 Total ................. P2.000.00 JI. Probable exp<'nscs (annnal): A. i\fuink·nancP--· I. Wag-r•' ( l laborer at P20 per month) P2·lll 00 2. Suppli<'s :;o. OIJ 3. 'RPpairs no PO B. Fixer! charQ<'S: I. Interest 011 capital, 10 per cent . . . . . . . . . . . . 200. 00 2. Land lax, .0087 per cent of assessed ,-nluc (200 pesos) . . . . . . . . . 2 00 C. Sales charges: J. Sales tax. 1.fi per cent of sales tax . . . . . . . . . 23. 00 2. Harl debts, 1.5 pe1· cent of sales . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23. 00 :J. MarkPting, 8 per cent of selling price . . . . . . 120.00 'l'otat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P718. 00 III. Probable gross income (annual): Sale if 5,000 marketable fish ( 1 year to 2 years old ) at 30 centavos each ............ Pl,500. 00 IV. Operating expenses (Item JI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718.00 V. Probable net income: 39.1 per cent of te total capital .... : ..... 782.00 ZOCENA VACIADOR FIREARMS REP AIRING NICKEL AND CHROMIUM PLATING Main Office - 1856 Azcarraga Branch: Office - 684-A Hizal Avenue IN LIGHTER VEIN (Reprint from Coronet) BE A FRIEND TO MAN Whene\"e?' people take a poem to their hearts, the ypars of its popularity bring foith colorful stories of how the verse ·came into being. One of the most appropriate is that universal favorite by Sam Walter P.oss, The House by the Side of .t.a'lc Road, which was inspired by ~e friendliness of a New England farmhouse. ~oss, an enthusiastic traveler, was bil.;ng in· the country one day when he saw a small unpainted house nearly astride the road. He was hot and tired as he climbed the hill to the house and read: COME IN AND HAVE A COOL DRINK. A crude signpost pointed to a well-worm path which curved around the house. Following it, Foss ... discovered a -spring of ice c:Old water in which a barrel had been sunk. An old ·gourd ·a;pper hung above .it,· and Foss drank long and thirstily. Then he saw a wooden bench which held a bowl· of ripe apples. There was another sign: H~LP YOURSELF. ·Biting into an appl~ ·Foss· went up to the ·house. There he found an aged coul>le, . with the rocky farm their only means of support. · ''You see, sir, it is ·little we can do for our fellow men. But we do have the best water in the. country and some nice trees in the orchard. From the day the 'first plum ripens until the plucking- of the last red apple, we place whatever truit is in season in that bowl on the bench. There's always a gourd of cold :water handy. So little we can do ·for -the Struger!" · .. "Yes,. the good Lord enables u1f to do this little bit for the folks who go up and down the road," the wife added. All that day and night ~he words 'Btayed on with the traveler. "It is little We can do bnt--" Sam Walter Foss bent his head over 'B piece of paper and wrote: "Let me live in a house by tbe side of the road Where the race of men go byThey are good and they are bad, they are W<:ak, they are stFong, Wise, foolish--40 am I. 'Then why should I sit 'in a scorner's· ·seat. Or hurl the cynic's ban? Let me live in a house by the side · of the road And be a friend to man." A MAN WHO .was passing a neighborhood store hea:rci such a terrific ar( Cotitinued on page.9) FARMING AND COOPERATIVES I Modern PLOWS for BETTER FARMING This is a modern plow, made r.xprcssly to :-:~dt. 1:-::111dHions in the Philippines. It ig ma<lt· nr hi:.~J· q11;~ lty materiaJs, is strongly built tn withstand thf' hal. dest usage, and wili do an exceptioHally ;.;nod inl. of plowing for many years. Very light draft and perfect scouring arc two nf tii .. many important features embodied .. in the "NegTus Clipper" plow. The "Negrcs CJipper" plow is wi.iJeiy '"dsNl in difft-!r ent parts of the Philippilws with vr~r:Y ~at!sfact1 •;-y results. \\'hatever your J"ef)uircmen·ts-:a1·e, you ,\·ill find this plow suited to you,. fal'm. Farm i·ehabilitalion means increasi!a-)'hqa per hectare, and increased yield requires thP usi~ of modprn implements, especially plows. Goo<l implements make a good farmer better. F:XTUA SHARES OF PRE WAR "NEGROS"-PLOWS WILL SOON BE AVAILABLE. THE "NEGROS CLIPPER" Write 01· call on us fo1· full particulars INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY OF THE PHILIPPINES 154 MARQUES DE COMILLAS, MANILA I ... I I 7 Questions And Answers On Duck Raising Conclusion frorii last iss11c 69. Uhtil what age are breeding duCks kept in Pateros?-They are kept 8s .long as they are laying eggs satisfactorily.. Ordinarily, heavy layers are still good up to the age of three to tliree and one-half years. Young birds •re raised in readiness to replace those that aTe no longer efficient producers. This is one reason for raising birds of different ages. Usually, the members of the whole flock have to be replacerl as llhere is no way of telling under present practice which among the group are still laying well. '70. What is lille proportion of males to females in the hatched eggs?-Usually, · the proportion is 50-50. Sometimes, in every 100 birds there may be a few more females than males or viceversa. 71. What should be done to surplus male ducklings?-If facilities are available, tJiey could be raised as "green ducks" until they are about three to four months old, as is done in the·United States. There is a good demand for them in restaurants, where they are cooked and sold as chop-suey and pato"pato-tim" thn.. '72. What are the advantages of duck raising?-They are as follows: (1) It entails less expense in fencing, housing, and equippment than th ecommercial chicken raising; (2) it incurs Jess expense in. "labor; (3) ducks are less disposed than other fowls to damage crops; (4) they are less liable to contract disease; (5) they can be cheaply raised where snails and small clams are easily"and cheaply available; (6) they aTe not· very much affected by rainy weather; and (7) theh: eggs are bigger than those of chickens and their average egg production is higher than the chicken's average egg production. '7_3. What a:re the disadvantages of duck raising?-They are as follows: Cl) Duck meat and duck'eggs are not so popular as chicken meat and chiC!ken eggs; (2) ducks are easily perturbed ·because· they. have a more nervous tem.perament ·than the chickens and for this reason, their egg proiluc:tion is lo·wel'ed; (3) they consume more food than :chickeJls; (4) their grounds are more diffieult to keep clean ; and ( 5) duck raising is more limited to certain areas. 74, Can ducks and chickens be raised safely together?-"Chickens do not inind so ll!ilch the n.ative ducks, though no\v 8 By: CARLOS X. BURGOS and then they pick on them, especially during feeding time. They try to do the same thing to Muscovy ducks, but there are times when these ducks may retaliate and even kill the cruel fowls (usually the native roosters). 75. Can drakes be caponized?-Yes, but this is not done as a rule. 76. Is there any advantage in caponizing drakes?-Yes, caponized drakes lay on fat easily and make better meat fo1· table pm·poses. Ve1·y few, however, eat ducks, and the production of capons cannot demand high prices, especially in this country where fowls are not bought according to actual weight. 77. How are drakes caponized?-In the same way as the cockerels. 78. At what age should they be caponized?-When they are four to five months old. 79. Will ducks make a good stuffed dish ("relleno") ?-Some people prefer it even to chickens. On such occasions as fiestas ancl weddings, ordinary stuffed ducks have been served by some families in place of chickens to economize. 80. What is t.he objection of some people to the duck meat?-Their objection is that it. has 11 fishy taste (malansa), especially to those who have not been accustomed to eating duck meat. 81. What is the remedy for doing away with the so-called fishy taste?The common practice is to fast the duck for six to twelve hours before killing. Then, pour on the dressed carcass two spoonfuls of white wine or of gin. Some people force the bird to take two teaspoonfuls of gin, and. in thirty minutes the bird is killed by bleeding, in the same way as chickens are bled. 82. What a1·e the dishes into which the .duck meat may be cooked?-The most common is the ordinary dinuguan, which i11 condimented with fine-chopped bamboo shoots, papaya, or potato. Duck m1at may also be prepared as estofado, which is cooked in a double boiler pot or caserole; as adobo; or as relleno. as alrea,dy mentioped. 83. What can be done when there are many ducks available and disposal is not easy?-Duek meat may be saited and dried. In this form it may be cooked together with beef or any other meat in ·preparing a dish of stew (nilaga). The addition of salted duck meat renders it a. more delicious. dish. 84. How is salting of duck meat done? -In the making of a salted duck meat (taps) the first thing to do is to kill the duck, as before described. Then, dress it, and after removing the entrails cut the duck open at the back and press it flat on a pan containing salt, mixed with a little quantity of saltpeter (salitre), pepper, crushed garlic, ordinary vinegar, and little sugar. See that ·every portion of the duck is salted. Put some weight on top of the duck lo keep it pressed for 24 hours, after which such position should be reversed for six hours. Keep it in a cool room preferably in the ice box or refrigerator. Then, dry it in the sun to the consistency of tapa. When the duck meat is well c!J·ied, it keeps for a long period. 8'1. How arc cluck eggs salt.ecl?-Clay from ant hills that has p!'eviously been pulvcrizcrl ancl clriccl is mixed with equal parts of >all anrl kneaclccl to a soft putty cnnsistcnc:; by the aclrlition of water. The eggs arc enveloped with this salty putty and placed in widemouthed containers with lids. Tho.se in turn are put in cool rooms. In ten to fourteen days the eggs are salterl. They · are then washed and hard boiled and painted rcrl to distinguish from other eggs. The longer the eggs are in the salted putty the salitier they become. If the clay mixture dries up, some water may be added to it. If 110 egg breaks during the process the putty may be used again but. with .the addition of some more salt. Only fresh eggs should be used for salting. Salting of duck eggs is common in the Philippines. 86. What may be said of the production nf duck eggs in Pateros?-The production of rlucks eggs in Pateros is innuenced by the quality of the snails scooped for duck feed. The snails feed on diatoms and other inorganic matter "found in sediments, which the Pateros raisers call alibuab. If this feed becomes scarce, snails starve and many die. Many snails also die when they are buried deep in .deb1·is ,as a 1-esult of heavy winds that blow toward the shore. 87. What is the average direction of these winds?-During the months of June, August, and September, egg production in Pateros is low, because the snails are not plentiful: The prevailing winds then are from the southwest. Egg production, however, is high in the oppsite shores from which such winds <come •. In October the predominant wind way to them. comes froiu the s0uth; in November, 9'- How can .the .ducks eat the "ku·-fro'in the east; and in ·December, from hol"?-'they eat the small ones which 1l-ie northeast. In January and Feb- they can break easily, but the big ones n1ary, · the east wind again returns. have to be crushed by pounding. From Oetober to .January inclusive, the 95. Is the "kuhol" as good as the comegg production is fairly good in Pate- mon "suso" fed to ducks in Pateros?ros. In March, April, and May, the Some experienced duck raisers in Pawinds prevailing are from the south- teros claim that ducks when fed on east. February to May inclusive are kuhoy lay \vell longer than when they considered the months of high 'egg pro- are fed on suso, but this fact has not yet duction in t.liat locality. been e.'tperimentally determined. 88. Do the algae ("lya") affect egg 96. What is the best way of sta1ting production?-Indirectly, they do. The the culture of kuhol?-Kuhol appear grawih of algae is fllVOred during the to breed in large numbers during the .hrit months from February to May in· months of July and August in places -elusive. If they are blown (!VP!" the with weather similar to that of Mani· snails bed in excessive number the de- la. Collect the full-grown kuhol and compaliing organic matter resulting from place them in a fenced pond to which these dead algae is detrimental to the monitor lizards (bayawaks) have no acfrowth ·Of snails. eess. Kubo! live on vegetation and on 89. Is there any o~er reason for low organisms found on or near the banks egg pl'Oduction?-Yes, the molting, \vhich' of pond. takes place when ducks do not get enough 97. Can "Kubo!" survive if the pond food. dries up?-Kuhol can survive short 90. Is there a market for old ducks, droughts by burrowing se\•eral centime· that are discarded for being no lor.ger. ters into mud. productive!-There is always only a Ii- 98. What breeds of ducks are at prcmited dt:mand for them, wbich however sent available?-They are the native increases with the decrease of the sup- ducks known as itik, which are sold in . ply of chick<ms. It is expected that this Pateros at present for about PlO each, .demand for duckS for t,able use will re- and the bibi, or Muscovy (pato real), main· even during normal times. In which are available in mt.my places, but 1938, 67,749 ducks were recorded re- not for sale. Some may be found for ceived in i:he Manila markets, mostly sale from time tC' time at the municifrom Rizal Province. pal markets at PS to P12 each. The1·e 91. What is the ·estimated duck-egg are also white ducks in San Quintin production for .the Philippines accord- aud other towns of Pangasinan which . big to tbe 1939 census?-About 45,000,- are known there as Peking. They may 000 eggs. Of this number, ab{>ut 2,- be had from time to time in those places 500,000 were made into balut; and 1,- at 1'6 to PlO each. . They are larger 500,000, into salted eggs. The remain- than the itik. ing eggs were used in bakeries, restau- 99. Can ducks be purchased from the rants, and households. These estimates United States?-There are several liveappear low, especially for balut, for stock, and poultry exporters whom the this is the ·.kind of egg on which the Bureau of Animal Industry has tried commercial production of duck eggs is to contact recently with regard to the baaed. availability and prices of ducks pur92. Of that total amount of eggs what chasable from the United States. is tbe approximate number used in Ma- 0 100. Can the public order direct from ,nila?-On t_hat, there is no ac:cUrate rec- them?-Any person interested may inc;>rd, as the supply may reach the cus- quire first for particulars from the Butomer 'through · various unverifiable reau of Animal Industry at Pandacan, ways. A statistical survey of the Ma- Telephone No. 8-64-18. nils municipal markets, however, shows 101 .. Why eat "b.alut"?-It is wholethat over 3,000,000 eggs were recorded . some, delicious; and high in protein, miduring 1938, largely from Rizal, ·Bula- · nerals, and vitamins. Those who have e9,11, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, and Ba- not eaten it since· childhood may have i:angail. Likewise, it is possible that a prejudice 'against it, the same prejupart of thl!I number credited to Rizal dice entertained by people who do not eat ·and ~atangas came from Laguna. rabbit. The contents of· a cooked balut 93. Is it poasible to raise native ducks are clean and · f1-ee from infection. If on either· snails .in placea where the or- .such- eggs wrapped in separate cello4iilary fr.esh-water snails· are not avail- phane wrappers, or put. in clean paper able?-A-limited !)Umber may ~ raised bags accompanied by some salt, · as is near l>roi>ks~I ponds,. and places where done· now by some vendors,_ the number water collects. ·In theSe bodies of wll- of balut eaters will probably increase. ttir;. cominon- pond snails ('bnol".) may (END OF. QUESTIONS . AND ANSbe. put if they ~ve· not yet,found their· WERS ON DUCK RAISING} FARMING AND COOPERATIVES THE LAYMAN A gigantic social sec11rity insurance system calculated to· insure millions of Filipinos and also provide ample funds for establishment of free hospitals, children's nurseries, poorhouses, technical and vocational schools, and industrial and agricultural fn1·ms, is envisioned in house bill No. 693 fathe1-ed by Rep. Leon Cabal"l'oguis of Nueva Vizcaya. Passed by the lower house in last year's special session, the bill is now under 11tudy by the senate. Labor Secretary Pedro Magsalin, upon Malacaiian's inquiry for opinion, approves the measure in principle as beneficial to the Filipino masses. The Cabarroquis bill automatically insm·es all govel'llment and private employes for Pl ,000 each hy merely paying a premium rate of PO.O~ a cb;; or Pl 8 a y<:'a1-. Even chHdr<:11, th~ n!lr.mpioy,_.d, and thca deocrrpit mav he~ insur~d for the .:;ame i.mount .. i•"'arm 1crn1nts a1'e afoo to h(! h1~urr:d hy thC'ir ln·ul-lol't.1.">, thr: h~t~.cr coi:tdbr.tin~ fo1· thf' forrra~r's pr~ltliurns accordhigo to tlu~ r:::.tio t'"h.-:en·r,1 in crop divisions toda~. Collections fron1 thi~ ins-..n·nnrr.-. which the N'ueva Vizcayn sol on f..'S! imates at T'!OO,fl00,000 anmrnlly, wil! i;o primarily for the pn~,ncut of death claims. All amounts in excess will be spent fo1· the establishment of the fol· lowing: (1) Poorhouses for the care of i11digm1ts; (2) hospitals for laborers and farm hands where they will be given free ~reatmPnt and hospitalization; (3) children's nurseries to take care of babies while theh· mothers a1-e at work; vC1cational and technical schools where the young and the old will be taught all kinds of trades nnd farm work, free; (4) EstablishmPnt of dairy farms, the milk production of which will be given free to all children up to the age 'of three years; (5) poultry, duckery, piggery. and livestock farms, the pl'Oducts of which will be given to poorhouses, hospitals and other. social institutions that may be created under the proposed insurance bill. IN LIGHTER ... (Continued from 'page '7) gument going on inside that he went in to investigate. He- found only the proprietor. "Whom were you arguing with in here?" he asked. "You're all alone." "I get. bored," the proprietor explain-· ed, "so I talk to myself." "Well," the man reasoned, "if you'1-e talking to yourself, why do -you have tO argue?" "Because," the owner retorted, "I can't sta11d a liar!"9 COOPERATIVE MOVEMENT l. Inticiduction The overseas trade ( exp<irts and imports) . of the Philippines ~oi;e .. the Greater· East· Asia War consisting of abou( PS00,000,000 was ·1argety basecfon agricultur:al . eiporta consisthtg mostly .ot -sugar;· coc0nut products>·.abaC;a and iob&ceO in·· exchange . for manufactiired · articles. Rice import& for the period 19av-i941 totalled 1'%,046,781; wheat flour;. P9,725,193i vegetables and pre_parations P:',191,641; fruits, nuts. and preparations PS,100,189. Faraiens' · c:i;operative associations would do well to bear the!e figures in mind. Up0n .them devolves· the resp0nsibilitj7 of producing the country's fOod and . other crops. · The ··growing of the castor oil bean plan~ on a coinmercial sCale may be engagoo in· by the association. This plant yieldi besides castor oil which we .all know about, ·an oil that is good for airplane lubrication. The pOtentialities of this plant are great. And yet it is not very exacting in its soil and cli111atic :tequh:ements. Another crop of great potentialities is. the . soybean. The soil and climatic .reqwrements of the soybean plant are similar . to those of th~. mungo. cOtton growing is not a difficult enterprise. Cotton has a ready market, the demand. f~r it being great. One of the steps in farm improve· ment . and tjle l"'..duction of costs by the goveritmdlt is the operatlon of experi·ment stations. where improved plants are prOduced and tested. The improved plants are diStributed tO farmers either directly or indirectly through . the Provincial Agronomist& of the Bureau of . Ptarit Industry. The results have not been as expl!et;J° because the farmers in tlie past wei:e not properly organized. Fanpers' cooperative ·.associations will find tJi.eir ·greatest fielil of service in ·the ·improvement. of yield, dh•mification of crops and in the new· profitalile enterprises; ii. ·Plan. Of, .. improvement The 111an-of f'ar11i:"improvement, namely; increasing yields and improving methods utilizing the farmers' cooperative organizatfon as a. medium for 'the distribu.tion ·. Of improved . ptants and for the dissemination ·of . information . on iirlpi-oved · cillturril methods · will, it is. hoped, bring very "desirable results .. F~J'.111 improvement, therefore, as evi·aioped, should be One of the main . enterprises ·of. the cooperativ.es· association and sb9uld s)'.llchi:o~ze .-witii ·.the work lff of the go\'emri1ent along this line. The association should select farmer.members who are willing to convert their lands or part of their lands into propagating plots where to raise the plant materials received from experi· ment stations. The seed may be distl'i· buted tO its farmer-members. The as· sociation may make arrangement with its farmer-members for leasing po1·tions of their fields to be managed in accordance with improved cultural prac· tices. The results obtained from the leased parcels of land may then be compared with those obtained from lands culti:v_ated "1th the use of antiquated methods and in this way the farmer-mem· bers ·will be readily con\'inced of the advisabilit)• of using improved methods in view of the decided improvement with the use of the latter. The association may avail itself of the services of tho Bureau of Plant Industt·y for necessnry help and guidance. 1. Procedure The balangay may undertake c1·op impro~ement· with the following program of action:. .1 ·Survey of local conditions (gathering of information, etc., with the aid of the Provincial Agronomist of the Bureau of Plant Industry) . .1 Meeting of members of the balangay to _discuss the problem. . 3 Plan of action. .4 Detennintion of area for actual trial planting. . 5 Observation of results. .6 Discussions and conclusions based upon the results obtained in the trial planting, preferably during annual farmers' . meetings • . 7 Revised plan in terms of the results obtained tO adapt to· local conditions. 2. Guiding principles . 1 Use of standard varieties. .01 · The best adapted- standard va· rieties of crops grown in the locality should be detedmined ·and the infe· rior ones eliminated, . with the help and guidance of the local experiment · station or .the local agent of the Bureau ·of .Plant Jndnstry. · · . 02 Sel¢ci:ed iieed and plants of high-yielding st.andard varieties .. ad· apted ·1:0 · soil· and climatic conditions of the Jcicality should be. used. .• 2. ~doption of improved ·cultural practices; ot prc;per ·land preparation. 02. Proper . sowing ·and planting. . 03 Timely weeding and cultivation. .04 Timely irrigation and drainage. . 05 ProJJer fertilization work. . 0 Introduction and acclimatization of promising varieties found in other places and the continuous selection and purificatiori' of seed of established standard high-yielding varieties. 3. Va,rieties A thorough knowledge of the difforent varieties of crops grown is essential. All ,·arietics of cropo g1'0\\'!1 therefore, should be studied. Th~ hcst varieties should be rPtained and the infcrioi· ones discard. The use of s..Jectecl SC'"' and plants of high-yieldinir st:rndanl varieties adapted to the soil and climatr: of the locality or region is the key to cro;> improvement. The Bureau of Plant fndustry should be consulted. For rice, the best palaga<l varieties (\•arieties with pedigrees) to plant ar" Guinangang Strain 1 and Sepot. Kinastila IV is a pedigreed upland variety. Raminacl Strain No. 3, Horai, Elonram and Ramelon are desirable lowland varieties. For Ilocano palay, the variety Binacroy is recommended. P. S. A. 7, P. S. A. 14 and the Alunan hybrid are desirable va1·ieties of sugarcane. Szinbat mandarin hybrid is recommended for the mandarins. 4. Soil and climate The diffe1"<'nt crops, however, have different soil and climntic requirements . Actually, climate is an important factor in determining plant distribution. On thP. other ·hand, because soil is an expression of environment including cli· matic forces, soil types favorable for specific crops necessarily connote also favorable climatic conditions. Broadly speaking, i:elative tillability anc! f P.rti· lity of the soil of good water-yielding capacity are favorable for. the ·growth of the most imp1'0ved plants. With suitable climatic !'.nvironment, some soi!R seem to ·show a wide range of r.rop adaptation;: There are six fundamental principles that should guide us ·in the choice o'f soils for . crop planting. These ·are': (1) suitabiiity to· the i.nclemeni:ies of the weather required ·fo1· most effici~nt p1"0duction (2) resistance to. soil erosion (3) adequate moistui-1>carrying capacity tO meet the water re~ quirement. of the crop under nom1al rainf&ll or irrigation (4) adequate· ·ae1·atiori to' permit the· development· of a FARM IMPROVEMENT By HILARION SILAY AN favorable root -s~ . (5) -..sufficient available plant nutrients for profitable yield (6) fnledom from ad\ienie chemi· cal eoriditlona, and (7) absence of plant pests and diaeues. 5. Adoption. bf improved cultural prac· "tices. . The preparaticin of the lah"8 directly affectil the" yield · of · the di>p. Beed plantJed i'.!I poorly prepared land may fail to gilrminate. And if it germinates at all the resulting plant may be weak aiid may easily wither. and die. The preparation of the land should be thorough in order to provide for ample plant growth and in order t.o attain the following results: (l) destruction of ·weed growth (2) loosening. and proper aeration of the soil (3) prope1· development and growth of the root system (4) availability of plant food and (5) destruction of plant pests and diseases -that may be ]JTeSl!llt in the soil. ·6. Timely planting O!tentimes erop failures are mainly due to untimely planting. The kind of crop and the season of cultivation should be stirctly observed in order t.o insure siicce8sfull crop pniduction. To plant out of season, that ,is, to do it either too early or too late is inimical t.o crop growth. Favorable eonditions ihsure ra. . pid growth of the plants. Seed or plants that are broadcast or set on time notonl:v may escape the attack of plant pests and diseases that may appear out of. "season but also destruction by ty. phooil and drought. 7. Proper distanchiir The proper duitancing of plants is cultural requirement that vitally effects ~ · yield. Close spacing or crowding retard growth aiid causes improper development of the plants due to insu(f{cjent sunlight, air, .and necessary plani foOd materials in the soil. The reduced vigor of the plants as a result of bnproper distancing makes them susceptible to the ravages of plant pests and diseases. 8. Timely irrigation and drainage The value· of ·water in. th ecultivation of any. Crop cannot be overemphasized. Different crops, however, vary in t!ieir water requirements. An excess of· :water ls . also detriment.al. - It should be J'eJnembered . that_ lrrigation is an aid ·In crop. production on soils that are not adequately supplied with natUral wa-tc!r. The watet-:hoiding capacity of . . soils being limited, the supply of· water must be replenished· from time to time either. by rainfall or by irrigation. The use of irrigation water, however, is goYerned by the ability of the soil to hold water and t.o dispose of it to p1·e\-ent souring. The relation of souring to soil has not been properly studied a8 witness the extensive use of irrigation facilities in rice fields particularly in Central Luzon. Of course it is well known that the use of irrigation guarantees a sure crop of rice even in periods of drought. But it must be borne in mind that irrigation and d•·ainn,,.P. go hand in .hand. To insure the productivity of irrigated lands, not only must the quantity of irrigation water applied be sufficient to supply the crop requirement but also the drainage fa. cilities must be adequate to prevent souring of the soil by the removal of excess water. in this i·egard. Commercial fertilizers do more harm than good when applied exccssh·eiy or untimely. The application of commercial fertilizers, therefore, should be done with extreme care in order to avoid crop failures. The Bureau of Plant Industry may be of assistance in the choice of proper fet'lilizers. TABLE 1. Food crops to grow after rice in relation to ficlcl and climatic conditions: I. In reg;ions Pnjnyin~· th1..~ first typl~ or climat<· (two Pi"O!lOllfl('<"·<l :.-('(l~OllS: dry dul"ing- the n10.·1tlu; of nc·cer.1lwi. .Janunrr~ F'0hruary. :'.L!1~·.h, :\prq a11.J l\'lay; wc>t. rlurin~ tlw !·1'.'"i. lb .. f .1 •11 1 <.', .JuJy, Aug-m·=t, :-;c>pl1.·!~1l,.-r, i >l', ·,:1<:1' ,.t!:t~ November): .1.hr~L, .llrh'O,., .':0n 1:, Jl ,~ cos Sur, ~nutlw:·n i1:!!f .,J Ji1;i!n1 1.<tguna, La l."nilPl, ;.:0:.ith~·t"!". a!.ll \\·1·;:tern i\'firnloro, SO!.lll1t1 1'Jl p:11t nf .\.fr11111taill Provirn.·cs, i\11(·\·a Ec.·i.ia . .,,., .... ~t.·n! side of NueYa Vizrara. (kcidf'Jl\t•l r:.·9. Use of fertilizers gros, westHn part of' <l! ::·:ital );, .. The object of fertilization is to i·eple- gros, western Palawan. Pan'1•an:!'" nish the element used up by the plant Pangasinan, Rizal, Tablas. in J:nmhlnn, during its vegetative -growth. In fertili- Tarlac al'fl Znmbales. zation work the maintenance of the ni· (Sa Table l>c1"11J) trogen content of the soil is the prima- ·--oOo--ry objective t.o enhance _the producti- ANJLAO, lloilo, Feb. 12. - An or· vity of the crop. The purpose of the dinance recently passed by the local use of green manuring, farm manure, municipal council has made it compul· and commercial fertilizers is to Sltpple- sory for each municipal employe to ment the natural food supply of the soil. maintain a garden at the town plaza. An adequate amount of plant food ma- In passing the ordinance, Munici1ial terhi.I results in undernourishment. The Mayor Cresencio L. Glarino explained proper application of fertilizers to crops, that the municipal employes should take therefore, is of consideragle importance. the lend in setting an example in thP A word of caution must be said here national food p1·oduction campaign. Types of rice land indicating: the planting and harvesting seasons of rice under each type. 1. Irrigated rice land: Planting seasonJune-Aug. Harvesting seasonNovember to January I TABLE 1 Supplementary food crops to. grow. after rice harvest. Important crops m capital letters. K i n d Palagad rice Ampalaya Camote Condol Corn Cucumber Eggplant Gabi Garlic Mungo, Soy bean, Kibal, · Pea, Etc. Mustard Onion· nut Pea Pechay Radish Squash Tomato Planting Season. Nov.-Feb. Nov.-Dec. " " " " " " " " I " " " " " " " " " " " ... " " " " " " " " Nov.-Feb. ,, ,, Harvesting Season April-May March-May March-April " " Feb.-March Feb.-April tJ u April-June Feb.-March Jan.-May Jan.-Feb. Feb.-March Ma1•ch·A ril p Jan.-Feb. ,, ,, March-Ap1il ,, ,, (Co11finued on page 13) FARMING .AND COOPERATIVES 11 PROGRESSIVE FARMING - 'tROTOTILLERS" ·~ROtotiller" is th.e latest inovation in the tillage of the soil. It derives its n&me "Roto" from Rotary;· The rotary action cif the blades helps propel the machine. This is exactly the opj,osite tci the ••anchor-dragging" action of the old"type tJ11ing ~- Manufacturers of "Rototillers" . claim that i:ri a single pass over . fallow ground, the rototiller produces a better seed-bed than is possible to obtain in two, three or four operations using the eonventional plow, disk and harrow. The fast fine cut of the blades, puh•erizes the soil at one time. Beeause of the light weight of the machine, it requires only a fraction of the horsepower required for tractor. dnwn implements. At present tiiere are two kinds of Rototillers being manufactured in the States in a eommercial scale. These ·two kinds are the "Roto-Ette" the allpurpose power gardener, manufactured by the "Rototiller Inc., Troy, N., Y." the specifications of which is as follows: Motor:-1-1!2 Horsepower Weight:-232 lbs. Tilling width:~" or 14" as desired Depth of- Cut:-1" to 6" ·Lawn Mower:-25" or 30" cut Field Mower:-30" cut Snow Plow:-30" width The other one "is the "Ariens" tiller" manufactured by the "Ariens Company, Billion, Wiseonsin, U.S.A." RAUL R. DE ARANA The Ariens is the bigger of the two \vith two sizes 6HP and 9HP, specifications of the 9 HP of which is as follows: Motor:-9 Horsepower. Wisconsin 4 cycle cylinder 3-518" bore x 4" stroke air cooled equipped with oil bath air cleaner, high tension magnets with impulse starter, mechanical governor. Clutch:-Twin Disc running in oil bath. Transmission:-Two speed forward a.nd reverse Wheels:-Standard equipment 5" x 12" tractor tires or steel wheels. \Vheels are free wheeling or can be locked if desil'ed. Handlebars:-Adjustable up or down to suit any operator and to either side of machine so operator does not have to walk in newly tilled soil. All control within easy reach of operator's position. Speed.-Low 112 to lMPH, high 1 to 2-114 MPH, reverse 314 to 1112 MPH. Fuel Consumption:-518 gallon per per hour full load. Capacity:-20 inch cut 1-112 acre per day deep tillage, cultivating up to l !2 acre per hour. Depth :-Easily regulated from 2 to 10 inches. Width foTillage :-20 to 26 inches. Dimension :-Length 78 inches, overall width 23 inches, height 28 inches, weight 625 lbs. The rototiller is the most unique of modern farm implements easily adaptable in the Philippines which is composed of small unit farmers. It is e~n nomical, the price per unit of which, lander! in the Philippines, according to their rr.111·escntative here. ranA"C'S from P700 to Pl,500. Maintenance of even th~ biggest u11it is cheaper and less hackbraking than the care a carabao n~ quire:.;. The parts and accf'ssn1·ies arc cheap and there i::; a cnn~ta:i.t supply. The rototiller has :1('(.·e,::;orics for plrw.:in;.r, harrowinJ!, fu • r0wing-, hill inQ, acC'f'ssn!·y to cut ;rru:-;8 arnl lawn m•J'.\"(•r~ p<)\n•1· trailer to !::wt ).!'JTi:::"', stmw, prorh1n·; can h<' convl·rted into a 1u>WL'!" plant for running a ~mall }H:m 1 1, churns, c~tr. In the States, lhe ustis a1·c so Yarh.•d that they nre used by garclr1wrs of Yegetabl~s, flowers, etc., also by athletic grou)ls to level track in athletic stadiums, tennis courts, etc. In the Philip11ines it would prohably be very ndapt11hle to upland rice cultivation. g .. rdeners, etc. For lowland rice wher~ ilTigation is controlled, it may prove to find itself a big blessing. Of course this is conjecture, as the rototiller has not been tried yet in the Philippines but we ho)le within this yPar to fmrl it in ~om~ of our progressive farms. MANILA DIESEL PARTS SUPPLY 12 648 EVANGELISTA, QUIAPO MANILA G. R. PASCUAL Gen.-Manager SPARE PARTS FOR: CATERPILLAR TRACTORS GRAY MARINE HERCULES BUUA LA NOVA CUMMINS YOU BUY THE BIGHT PARTS FllOM US HOME AND WOMEN'S CORNER NEW DEVICES FOR THE HOME Joseph 111. Guilfoyle, writing in the Wall Street Journal, described some of the new produc:ts which have been designed to ease the drudgery of housekeeping. These products, although not in: production at present, have been perfected and are only awaiting completion of ·reeonversion operations and rec;eipt by the manufacturer with which to make them. Continuing, Guilfoyle wrote: "One of these. new produc:ts will be an "elevator" type kitchen cabinet, making. it as easy to get dishes off the top shelf as the . bottom one. It should be a boon to the short housewife who cannot reach the upper altitudes of her cupboard withoui standing on a chair. The cabinet is hydraulically operated, the power coming from water in kitchen pipes. All the housewife has to do to bring the shelves down to arm level ia to press a button. Another button aends them back to their original position, above eye level, when she is through. "'A dish washer that does just about everything but take dishes off the table will be Westinghouse Electric's contribution to the postwar kitchen. With the push of a button it fills with water, washer and rinses the dishes, drain dirty water out of the machine and then shuts itself off. "Unit kitchens have been developed by se\•eral firn1s. 'l'hese are compact cabinets which include not only closet space but also a sink, range, 0 refrigerator, vegetable storage, an oven and bread board. One model now ready for production looks just like an ordinary range, with the exceptio·n that it is about half as wide ... on one side is the range and oven; the center includes the sink, storage bin and compressor compartment. The other side has the refrigerator compartment, the vegetable storage bin, and a drawer to be used for miscellaneous items. "Another model has an oven at about eye level height with a glass door so the housewife can see how the cake or meat is coming along. "Still another reduces a refrige1·ator to a set of drawers, each with its own temperature control for different sorts of food and drink. "Smaller refrigerators are on the way, too. Industrial designers and manufacturers are busy shrinking the size of compressor (the cooling units)· to about a third of the present size. Dc.signers say that smaller compressors, together with wa1·-born insulating materials, will enable manufacture1·s to reduce the size of cabinets by fifty per cent without loss of interior space. "Electric ranges will have new talents, too. One has a pressurn cooker built right into it, where the burners are located. The maker of this item hopes to have his dream in product.ion later this year. ''Ranges will nlso he automatic~lllY cnotrollcd. The cook will be able l•> place meat in the oven ancl foi·get ;d1op~ it. When th<> meat is done. the ovc" ._.,.q1 shut itself off. ;'ElrcLric clotlv.>.s driers will easf: th·~· housewivC'8 ch11rcs. In 0111.: m.rdd, rhying is clone hy const:ir:.t 11mvpmr~~1t. (·!warm air ~·h1.,JUJ?h 1 lw cahi11'-·t. Ti~,_~ clothes will he damp<l! i··d i:' 1~b.,~1t :.:i:·:ty minutPs ancl compld•·IJ' di·if'•l i11 niill'ty minutes. "To make ironing Nt.r-.icr, nt. kagt. one manufacturer has a light.wcig-ht aluminun1 iron which may A'Ct into prnduction sometime this year." COOPERATIVE ... (Contin11ed from page 11) 2. Unirrigated rice Land: Ampalaya Nov.-Dec. March-May Planting season Ca mote JJ " March-AJJril June--Aug. Condo I " " ,, JJ Harvesting season Corn " " Feb.-March November to Deeember Cucumber " " Feb.-April Eggplant l'tlungo, " " " ,, Soybean, Kibal, " " Jan.-May Pea, Etc. Muskmelon " " Feb.-March Mustard " " Jan.-Feb Peanut " " March-April Peehay Nov.-Dec. Jan.-Feb. Radish ,, n u " Squash " " Mai·ch-April Talinum " " Jan.-Feb. Tomato " " March-April Upo " " " " Watermelon " .. May-June 3. Upland rice land: Ampalaya Aug.-Sept. Dec.-Feb. ,, IJ Dec.-Jan. Planting season Camote Oct.-Nov. Feb.-March April to July Condo I .. .. Jan.-Feb . Harvesting season Corn " " .. " Aµgust to' November· Cucumber Munre, Soy ean, Kibal, Dee.-April Pea, Etc. ·Peanut Feb.-March Squash Sept.-Oct. Jan.-Feb. , Tugui Aug.-Sept. .Feb.-March ". " " " Ubi. O_ct.-Nov. .. " Upo FARMING AND COOPERATIVES (Conti11u11cl 011.:pag11 19). 13 MARCH OF EVENTS TOKYO,. Feb. 6 (UP). - Eggs did sta:iid in Tokio In the ~~c -hour of ''Lih Chun," the beginning of spring by the- Chinese :lunar calendar, and Ja·PlPle.e moniing' _papers - today heavily jiixtaposed the Un_ited Press_ story of the _ ]ilteJ)Omenon with photographs of eggs_ standing upright. None of the eggs c:Ould be made to talk The experiment cost a group of Japanese editors mainly a -lot of sleep because the auspicious hour worked out at 0045 ( Tol-yo time) , one liecond after the clcyia transportation syste"ui had stopped for the night. This aroused - a: little debate of its own.since the Japanese "JUshun" - beginnini of spring-officially gallops in at 0051; early in the morning of Feb. s. Some people just could not figure how the Chinese god of fortune could be so ·bounteous in good\\ill. One of the more hard-boiled from the Kyodo News AP.Dc:v's photographic department said thi!re was nothing to the feat at all. He added that as a matter of fact setting, up eggs _is one of his favorite tiieks at geisha parties, and _he does this practically with no regard for the season. .Eggs, however, kept rolling· over at tirst and began to balance more obeQiently as the Chinese bewitching hour approached: On the dot at "Lih Chun," 10 eggs -Were vertically balanced OD top of.·a glass pla~ which the experimenters · used, and theri more stood on desk topa and ·.on the floor, They were left standing and the test was so -impressive that practically no one sUggested _ scrambled eggs for breakfast. To. cover the subject ·of eggs tho.roughly; Kyodo News Agency distributed . a story this morning saying that among ·an the current blackrnarket :wares eggs stand highest. -It said that ~- the basis of the government price board's._ -conservative index, eggs are now at · 206.6 compared With 100 ·for F'e.b •. 8 last year. ----oOo--Pre&ident Roxas . is preparing an executive·_ Qrder- providing for the tempo~ rary suspension of the current ban_ on .the importation of cattle -and other iivestock into 'the Philippines, it was ,le.~med -ou gc)od-· authority. - - This _order: is designed tci alleviate the -J>reSl!Dt serious shortage of ·livestock used_ -for farming, breeding anti oonsumpl;ion_ p:urposes. It will ·.be recalled i4 that more than half the animal population of the country was lost in the past war. The proposed order, a draft of which has been completed by Secretary of J ustic:e Roman Ozaeta, \Viii ·lift temporarily the prohibition imposed by Act 3155 and Section 1762 of the Revised Administrative Code. It will allow the free entry of 'livestock subject to quarantine regulations and under the supervision of the ··department of agriculture a1fd commerce. --<>Oo--WASHINGTON, Feb. 7 (AP). - More than 17,000,000 yai·ds of badly needed cotton textiles soon \Viii be flowing toward the Philippines from Japa,n, the commercial division of the Philippine embassy said todar. Through the lJnited States commercial company,· "the-!slands obtained a portion of textile .stocks found in J apan at the beginning of the . 9rcupation. A Philippine steamer .is scheduled tn leave the !ilands soon for J apan to acquire mate1·ials \vhich will be sold to thP. fslarias'·]iuhlic by the Manila government. The embassy iiiaieated it had arranged t.o procure adil-if.ional amounts of J apanese made textiles from mills presently operating with American cotton. The eiubass}nridicated the Islands' prewar imports of-Japanese textiles approximated 45;000,000 yards and the embassy is hoJiefill of obtaining a large percentage Of this amount as J apanese productiOn -expands. China, the Netherlands East Indies, Burma, Malaya arid India are also understood to be obtaining portions of Japanese textile Rtocks. ---oOo-Bu i'lfORRI.~ HARRIS WASHINGTON, F11b. 6 (AP). The agriculture department believes Philippine tobacco production and manufacture will bP. among the first iaJand industries to recover and regain their prewar prominence. Even these, howevPr, will be hampered anti delayd for various reasons said Claudia Thornso11, agrir.ulture econoti.1ist, in · a survey of the Islands' tobacco industry. Thomson added "although the tobac-· co crop can be gro,wn in 'about three months, at least one or two years. are required for the proper curing cf the leai for uie - in the tnanufo.ctu\•e . of tobacco products. LArge 11uantities or baJed tobacco. were knnwn •to b!. st~r· ed in many prvoinces, ·especially Cagayan vall11y, at the beginning oi the war. However, about 70 per rent .ol that stored in Cagayan valley were lost during the war leaving an est1· mated 15,000,000 pounds .. and disrupted. transportation has made it impossibli: to bring much of the remaining leaf for immediate use." Prospects for immediate restoration of the islands' tobacco c1·op, Thomsou said, is dark. Site ·said "the planter'! ac1·eagc for the years 1945-1946 will only be one hnlf of the prewar acreag~ or 86,000 acres, because the J apanese were not dJ'iven from Cagayan valley until 11ear ·plant.ing time. wo·i·k nuirna1s were hill~d during the war anii. curing houses ·.':~:1'f! dc·stroyed. ..H\Vhilc entl!rp1·isin~ 1esearch and experu1'l.ental work has b(loe11 dm1·~ hy the island's agricultm·al ex[1Prinwntnl stations," 'fhomson saiJ, "the weak r1oi!;t. seems Lo lw that little practical npplictttion has l1ecn made ilf thi~ inf<Jrrn.ation by gTowPrs, c·:;pedaily tho~c "•r.o 11eecl it most. It has. nl)t b~cn carried to them individually. The task up to the JH"e•ent is apparently too complicated for government officials to accomplish-."' Before the war, the Phihppines ship1,ed considerable quantities of cigars to the United States-shipments averaging an estimated five per cent of all class A, tax-paid Cigars consum·ed in this country. ---oOo--"Many mayors,· municipal councils anll r~sidents of municipalities are under the wrong impression that once their commlmal forests are disestablished or suspended, the residents can cut timber for their personal use in any public forests free of charge and without permit, it was learned from the bureau of forestry. The bureau desires to call the attention of the public that in all cases, permit is necessary to cut timber even for personal use. In the · case ·of established ·communal forests· su'ch permit, e..'tcept for the cuttnig of first group tilnber, is issued free of charge by the respective municipal mayor. so authorized by the director of foresrty. In the case of first group tilnbe)." from ·communal forest and all other kinds of timber for personal use in any other public forests, the permit is issued by the director_ of forestry only uponl!Ubm@~.i_ol!. o_f _~he required application· (Continued o~v pl!.ge 111) WITH OUR CROPS CYTOX 50% DDT WETTABLE POWDER A Iky Powder Completel11 Dispersible Water CYTOX WETTABLE POWDER contain& 50'% DDT intimately mixed with spreader.s and an inert diluent to give excellent wetting and suspension in water. ·Jt has been developed· for use in spraying operations to control such . inseets ·as codling moth, gypsy. moth, tent caterpillar, leaf roller, Japanese beetle, Coiorado potato beetle and thrips' and also, flies and ticks on animals and in barns. Mmng Mid Syra!finu CYTOX WETTABLE POWDER COMES conveniently packaged and ready for addition to water in the spray tank. It may be washed through the · screen while agitator is running, or mixed with a small amount of water in a separate container, before adding to the _tank. Agitation should be maintained during 11praying to insure complete dispersion. No additional wetting agent should be used except on particularly hard to wet plants. Spreaders and stickers such as in or blood albumen can be used where desirable. Cytox wettable powder can be used with supplemental insecticides such as nicotine, sulfate, "lead arsenate, oil emulsions, d.initro materials and others. It may also be used \vith fungicides such as Bordeaux, wettable sulfur, neurtal coppers and organic materials. When using with Bordeaux, CYTOX WETTABLE POWDER should be added to the tank last as a . thin paste. When oil is used add the CYTOX WETTABLE POWDER fir11t and the oil tut. · CYTOX \VETTABLE POWDER sb.ould not be used with hydrated· lime or bentonite. Recommended U sea NOTE: The suggestions' given herein are. based on field experi-. menta conducted with DD'l' by the· U.S. Bureau of Entomol9in-, Stat:P. Experiment Stations and .. other entomolnlrical · authorities,. The . dos~ Rges ~mended, as ·well ·as' th'P. plants on· which DDT niay be s&:telr -~seci, are subject to cliange depending up~ <>n fJJrtlier experi111entaf work and. experience through commercial use. Consult vour le-cal l'ntomological authorities in respect to the proper use in your locality under spe.. cific conditions. !':ome of the more important insect pests which CYTOX WETTABLE POWDER will control are given below. In most insfimcc CYTOX WETTABLE POWDER has proven superior to the standard control measures formerly used. Grapes - Grape leafhoppers, grape berry moths and rose cl1afers can be effecth-ely controlled by spraying with CYTOX WETTABLE POWDER at 1112 to 2 pounds per 100 gallons using 150 - 175 gallons per acre. . . Potatoes - CYTOX WETTABLE POWDER i~ very effective for the control of all the important msect pests of potatoes including leafhoppeI"S, flea beetles, potato beetles, aphids, psyllids and tarnished plant bugs. The lasting effect of this material not only kills the insects on the plant but also msects migrating into treated fields for a considerable time after application. CYTOX WETTABLE POWDER should be used at the rate of 1-112 to 2 pounas to the 100 gallons spraying 100 or more gallons per acre. Tt may be mcorporated with the regular fungicidal sprays whenevl!r necessary. .. Cabl1age - For the control of cabbage worms, and harlequin bugs spray with CYTOX WETTABLE POWDER at 1-112 to 2 pounds per 100 gallons applying about 100 gallons per ae1·e. Five applicatio,ns at 2-week inte1 vals give excellent control. Onion Thrips ~ Use 1 to 2 pounds pf'r 100 gallons and apply 150 gallons per acre. According to present experimental evidence DDT spi:ags should not be used on corn, tomatoes, or cucu1·bits such as scjuash, cucumbers and . melons. Apply-CYTOX WETTABLE POWDER. has been _p1·oven very effective fo1· the .. control of the codling ·moth and materially reduces aphid populations on applP. trees. The recommendations for apple spray poog1•ams yary· according to climate and· the number of broods. rn· general,· however, CYTOX WETTABLE. POWDER should be!" substituted for lead arsenate. In the standard program after the calyx spray using 2 JKIUnds In. ioo gallons of spray. ·FARMING AND. COOPEltATIVES Uuder seve1·c codling moth conditions, use CYTOX WETTABLE POWDER at 2 pounds per 100 gallons 3 or 4 first brood cover sprays and two second brood sprnys. Where conditions are light or moderate apply one second brood spray. CYTOX WETTABLE POWDER may be used with any of the common fungi~fde •prays nsc~l on apples. Th<! use of a summer spray oil at 1 quart to 100 gallons is recommended to ml\ke the spray deposit stick longer. Onw.mentnl:-; - Trees, shruhr,, and flowers ar" effecliwly protec\ecl from such insecl!i as .lapanc:;e hC'et11 .·s, tc·r.t caterpillars, rose rluit·c~•·s and o'.hr~:·s hy spraying with CYTOX WET'f .. \ nu: POWDER AT 1-1 12 In :l !'"'""l" '""" 100 gallons (i Jw:1pin~· i.l•'.."lspc.~.1;·1fi.1l l~"r ;?"n11on). 'Vll(!r<• prutr..:.·ti'rn i~: 1H•t>1~1·d tm· long periods oi" time· add I 1dnt of f:~.:1 glue solution p,.,,r 100 '..!.:Ilion~. Fo·rcsl aurl Shmlf! Trcl'~ - CYT! ,x WETTABLE POWl!F:1l cni:tr"is P'.)i'·'' moths, tent caterpillars, liud "on11~ Japanese hll~tlrs, J!l'et.•n ~lri111~cl maplr worms, rcd-hcar1c·d pine sawfli<'!-' aEti others. Use it at the rate nf 1-1 :l to 2 J>OtHHis pPr 100 gallons plu:-; I pint of fish glue solution. Cm1t.·o/ of Plic.< ill /Jairy Bar?1s and Stal>l(• . ..:: For control of flies in dairy barns nnd s tables, CYTOX WETTARLE POWDER should be nsed at the ral~ of 2 pounds per 10 gallons of water or about 2 to 3 ounces per gallon, applying 1 qua1·t to 100 sq. ft. of surface. Walls, ceilings and i·afters should be spraye"d with the water suspension until surfaces are ,iust wetted, using a garden sprayer, bucket pump or power sprayer. Feeding troughs, feed or hay which may be licked ot: eaten by animals should not be sprayed. Hay and other feeding materials should be covered during spray applications. Additional applications may be made ·depending on the length of the fly season and tlie ·type ·of s11rface to which the materfal is applied.. Porous or unpainted su if aces- abiiorb · more material than smooth or paintecl surfaces. Control of Insects Affecting Cattle 1. As a Spray For control of horn flies, stable flies· and cattle lice, use .at .the rate of 1-112. to 2 pounds }!er 10 gallons, applyinl<" 1 quart per animal. Repeat ·applications· ·may be necessary depending. on the length of the fly season. is WITH OUR GOVERNMENT WHY WE ARE ALWAYS SHORT OF RICE . The sliortage of rice in the Philippines~ sin~ been. a problem. unsolv· ed; . Year ·after ·ye_ar, suggestions on ·extelisi~ ciinpaign for greater . produe>.f:ion of rice are ·lJ!.ade, like for ins~nce, c;ultiV&tioli .of more rice-. lands, selection of,seeds for better production, mo.re irrlgati(!n 11jstems constructed, etc. But iliere. is one phase of the rice industl'y which is Overlooked. It is the milling. The solution of the rice shortage problem ci>uld be found here also. · It iS a known fact that there are in a cavan of palsy 14 pntas of rice un· polished, out of which 12-1 2 gantas a1-e den;ed when polished. This production is obtained by :the cone type rice mill. But there are some.8,000 of _the sO-called rice . mills (kiskisan) which are very \vasteful. In view of their .wasteful qualities they may properly be called "Mechanical Locusts'.'. These "mechanical . lcicilsts" recover only 9 gantas of rice from a cavan of palsy so that ·out.-of the. actual 12-112 gantas 3-112 gantBs are wasted. 3-112 gantas c.f nee a·re. actua,lly wasted from e11er1i cavan of ·pala.y milled by these "mechanical ZOmuds''. . . The Philippines is estimated to produce some 57,000,000 cavans of palsy per year~ It is assumed that 75% of this palsy, or 42,000,000 cavans, is being niilled · by these ·"mechanical lociists''. At ·the rate of 3-lj2 gantas of rice wasted from every cavan ·of palsy these "mechanical locusts" waste some 6,212,ooO cavans of..rice per year. ·While this . enormous quantity of rice is being .wasted the Philippines keeps on im· porting rice." . The estimated production fo 57,000,000 cavans of _palsy· per year if. properly milled, will give about' 32;000,000 cavans ·of ]'.iee (57 kgms. or 23.5 gantas· tO the· cavan). This can only be obtaJ.ned. through milling in the cone type rice milis. A,9,·there are in the Iaianda only about 500 · mills cif this type . at· present .in· operation, more mills should be inl!titlled to .adequately take ·care of the W~(!le production. Sinee before. the : war, the loeal .. importer& of cOlle type rice mills dillcon1;inued" importing. this type. .Most of tlieni ·.turned to selling the locally manufactured -cone type riee mills which proved to be C)f better. quality and· cheap- . ei•; -At· 11rese1i"t;. the' Joe&! · manufactu" rer1V. have not. Yet ·resumed their· full 16 By: R. R. DE ARANA capacity production in view of the present ·unstable business operations, scarcity of materials, and if available, the prices are sky high. Inadequate capi· tal is also another reason. Th~re is at present in the Philippines an army of more than 8,000 "mecanical locusts". Some are still in bodegas, and more are expected to arrive. The combined daily milling capacity of these "mechanical locusts" is estimated at 800,000 cavans of pala;-. Jn every cavan of palay they waste 3-112 gantas of rice. Their daily waste therefore reach over 122,000 cavans of rice. Placing a price of at least P2.i.OO ·per cavan, the money value torlay of these 122,000 ca vans reaches the st uggering sum of P3,000,000.CIO. Every day that these "mechanical locusts" operate the Philippines is losing over 122,000 cavans of i~ce valued at about P3,000,· 000.00! This is about 314 of the daily consumption of rice in the entire Philippines! We urge the government to ban the use of. rice mills which are \Yasteful. We suggest that the government form a group of rice mill inspectors to examine ali rice mills and to. cancell the licences of wa~teful ones. These inspectors may be under the Naric or under the newly fo1med Rice and Corn Corporation. We suggest that the government encourage and help financially, .local man.ufactureril of cone type rice mills for they are ·the ones who really know the problem of saving rice in the process of milling. "J. Bernabe and Company," a local manufacturer of ·cone rice mills is one of the .progressive Filipino Manufacturers· and should · be encouraged and helped by the g'9Vernment financially to 'expand. If the aim of the administration is to develop the country industrially, this .could be a starting point in the· .government's efforts tO industrialize th_e country. .J. Bernabe and Company, now with factories at 1515 Juan Luna street, was manufacturing corie ty'pe rice mill ·as early ·as t Went y-f i ve years ago. ioae Bernabe, its. proprietor, out of" his o~li · genfos ·and 'industrious hands made the first mfll wjth a hel1>er and sold · it. Then out of his earnings he continued making his mills. When imported · cone type mills arrived here he challenged the importers as to the performance of the imported ones cannot have as high a pe1·ported ones. He made a bet that the imcentage of recovery as his mill. No importer took up his bet. However, around 1935, Smith and Overly and Company, a big importer here of de~ mills entered into an aggo1·"emcnt with M 1·. Bernabe to distribi:te his coP.t: tyrJe rice tnills. Smith lkll :i~1d Cornpany, fol!o\ved suit anci al~•l d; .f • ;lr-::r_:l f•>r :'\·I'". "!11'.'rnahc since 10:.:~1. Vi·c·d \r;J::.,jn ~:n.J Company, also came· a:~n~;T r1nl di.::t1·ih,~tr:d r-:c-•·tiube's rir.r niills as (~r.rly ~t:; i.!1:~7. Not t·'l bC' outdone, Inkrnatni11al I-ffl r·:~~tc1· anti Company i11 J 939, al~o rrl'Ognizing the quality of the HernalJ,,. CPY!(' type rice mill, started distributin!'.! for him. Since the independence of the Philippines on July 4, 1941l, Mr. Bernabe thought of distributing his product him· self although wonderful offers of big American firms have been proposed to him to incorporate his company \vith the guarrantee that he would always own 51% of the company. He has not considered any offer so far. For the present, Rernaoe and Company has a standing order of over half a million pesos worth of rice mills from all over the Philippines. People who have bought from the above mentioned American Companies who used to distribute for him, now come dh-ectly to him. Included among those who have placed orders with him now are Atlantic Gulf Company, Smith Bell and Company, big hacenderos, etc. M1·. Bernabe needs capital. Not for the manufacture of the mills to meet .his orders. He needs capital so that he co11ld give his customers easier terms· to pay. He proposes, not only to sell · ori inst.ailment basis as he is now doing, but ·to sell at the lowest pric¢ per unit and to allow futu1·e mill operators to be able to pay the inill out of its earnings. He wants to see Bernabe Mill to pay for itself for the owner. For the present he cannot give those te1~s as he will run · short of capital. But it is voice of men· like Mr. Bernabe that the government should not allow. to drown among the multitude of noises. clamoring for government aid. WITH OUR TENANTS (EDITORS NOTE) ican machines will find an eager mar(Letter of Dr. Santiago R. Crus published in the world famous technical journal ket. Pe1-sonally I do not believe ou1· ''Agricultural Engineering", jlublished and. owned by the American Society of !"ice c;.ulture could be mechanized ex;Agrlcultun.l Engineers. We are fortunate in getting hold of a copy of the publication and we are he1·e tensively by the use of the common tracreprinting it. tor and agricultural implements, exThe opinion of Dr. Cruz in relation to mechanization in the Philippines has at~ cept in irrigated areas. Even at that, traeted American serious thought)· varieties would have to be changed or GARDEN TRACTORS FROM AMERICA l\IAY STOP A CIVIL WAR IN developed and soil erosion control, even THE PHILIPPINES, PRESERVE WAR-SHOCKED SOCIAL STRUCTURE Filipino Ag Engineer Sees Loss of Carabao as Chance to Modernize Old Art of with contour farming, would be most Paddy Rice Culture, Con*inqe its Conservation of Soil difficult to accomplish with our Jong Shortly before the Japan~ . attack- friends, who knew of my plans, dis- torrential rains. ed his home islands at the outset of the cussed the possibilities of garden trac- "Also, nobody knows what to do with ·Pacific war, Santiago R. Cruz went back tors in the Philippines, and we emerg- the unnecessary farm tenants and t.o the 'Philippines. He had been here ed from our discussion awed by its vast hands that would be displaced by the in the Stat.es for several years, and had possibilities. big machines, because we are far from earned a Ph ·D degree from Corneil ··The carnbao, the backbone of our industrialized. At the present writUniversity. . After lapse of the war primitive agriculture, and probabl~· the ing, many lives are being lost in a miyears he .acently revived his rudely in- remote cause of much misery and trou- nor civil war raging in our central terrupted membership· in the American ble in our rural areas; was almost wiped plains, the center of rice production b~· Society of Agricultural Engineers, and out by the exigencies of the last war. If carabao power, over who should get the one of ·his letters was deemed of such we could adapt the garden tractor to larger share of the crop-the landlord interest as to call for publication in the our paddy rice culture, we could make or the tenants. Society's technical journal, AGRICUL- use of tens of thousands, if not hundreds "With the use of the garden tractor TURAL ENGINEERING. Shortened of thousands, of this machine to replace if we could use it-and I think that slightly from its appearance in the Jan- our carabaos. It could also modernize with some cxpel'imentation we coulduary,_1947, issue it reads: (make more efficient and less labo- the only change to be made would be "I am managing a large family cor- rious) our rice culture without radi- from carabao to garden tractor. It is poration dedicated to diversified farm- cally discrupting the social set-up about three to four times more effiing. I. am about to order a few units based 011 it, and without abandoning its cient than the carabao, costs about the o{ garden tractor. Several of my most . redeeming. feature-almost per- same at present, and, most important, ---oOo--- feet soil erosion control by the use of the carabao has to be fed the greater CYTOX •.. ( Frtm1 pag~ 15) 2. As a Dip Use at the rate of 3 pounds per 100 gallons of water for control· of cattle liee, goat lice and sheep tick. Make a thin paste with the CYTOX WETTABLE POWDER and ·water in ~ separate. container before adding to the total volume in a dipping vat. Repeat applications as necessary. Adtianages of ·CYTOX WETTABLE POWDER Standardized - CYTOX WETTABLE POWDER contains 60?< DDT-Tech.nical Easy to U-eompletely wettable and easily dispersible Effeetiye .....;; A 'wide··variet)' ·of insects· ·may be controlled with tlie· spray. C:cimplitibility -'-.. Compatible ·with many °*11er . inseeticid~ ani:i wi'th severkl common .funcicides. Pncautionii DDT is ·poisonous to ·animals and man, and· should be. carefully . bandied. CYTOX WETTABLE .POWDER should ·not JM!· stoNd JM!ar food i>r feeds or wiie~ children and animlds migpt get .in~ it.: ·After working or spraying with it.: waiJh . the. hands . thoroughly with wa1'!ii .. water·and ician. terraces. part of the year, while the garden trac"Jf we succeed in this project, A_m_c_1_·-__ 10_1_· __ d_o_es_n_o_t._" __________ _ Store pr~parations containing DDT out of the reach llf child1~n. Edible food c1·ops should not have excess residues· of DDT at harvest time. This may be avoided by not applying sprays dming the period .iusi before picking time. DDT has been found to injure cucurbit plants such as cucumbers, squash and melons. CYTOX WETTABLE POWDER. therefore, shoulrl not be usPd on these crops or .on corn or tomatoes. ---oOo-MARCH. . . (From page 14) and payment af the necessary license fee. ''i'he p~blic ·is advised to comply with t.his requir~ment in order 1.r; avnid lwing penalized ii! accordance with forest and internal. revenue· laws anil regulations. ., J)ifferent Topic· Marked Great pQssibilities for the production of drugs Jn the Philippines, both for local consumption and for export, are beinl? largely . C1verlooked Jn postwiw planning, ·according t<) Dr. Mona Lisa Steiner,. an out.qtanding bo\anical au-. thority who now lives in Manila. Dr. Steiner, who is now exporting considerable quantities of fare Philippine orchitls by air to orchid fanciers in Hawaii nnd the US mainland, lists a dozen or more important medicinal plants either indigenous to the Philippines, or which th1·ive here. None of these are now cultivated cummercially. Heading the list are coca and cinchona trees, from which cocaine and quinine are derived. Conditions in many parts of the archipelago are ideal for their culture. Production of castor oil beans could become an important export industry. Other medicinal plants which could certanly supply all all Philippine needs and eliminate the present reliance on imports, include mint datura stramonium which is useful against asthma, stry~hnine, cinnamon, derriselliptica from which . the miportant insecticide der1·is root is obtained, cinnamon, . eucalytus, agar agar, rue, citronella, balsam and basilicun.. These cC1nstitute only a partial list. - Dr. Steiner is .advocating test-plot planting of these drug-producing bota~ (Continued on 'Page 18) .FAl?.MING .AND COOPERATIVES 17 MARCH .. · <Co'lft. from ~- t'i> nieals by ~he. go~ernment and by C-a~ ers genenlly all over . the islands.._ T_he ·Conner Vienna. botanist paints out that small plots grown by f11rmers could . ptVvide · an im~i'tant addition. to pre.. sent .. fum incomes, and would promote di~ficatlon of corps to ~upplement thi°present one-crop economy. . . The plocessing and e."l:traction of · dl"Up from . the . bota.nicals would · fit · in a~irably. with plans for post-\\'Br in· dUstrialization of the Philippines, it is pointed. out. Small capital outlay would be necessary to establish the processing plants. . The industrial possH>ilities of many other . non-medical crops suitable for c:ulture .in the Philippines have also been largely neglected, Dr. ·steiner ob. served." ·Among these she no~ pslaquium gutta, source of . gutta percha, which is short in -supply in the world, tea, coffee, e.ltton ·and rubber. The African oil palm has shown great possibilities, and has already been successfully cul. tivated in· Mindanao and Bstangas. ---oOo--. "By- MARTINIANO FLORO Chief· Engineer, National Coconut Corporation Many people say that the coconut Jias uses other than copra and desiccatt!d . coconut. This is true. Science has proved· that there are big commercial possibilities in -the new technology· or eoeoriilt oil f.roin fresh. meat, food proilµc.ts from by-prodiiCts of c:OConut oil, and: ~nstrucl:ion materials from ~conut husks. ,. . The .NAe.<>CO has prei>ared a detaileJI nrogram of · industriali~ation for the coct:>n\l~ industey. The coconut Planters' Aaaociation can execute this program ~r than the government. ·Here is what the a8sociation should do. · ~ise by voluntary contrlbuiion . P400,000, haif of which should be inveSted in iL · model coconut industriat -plant and the other half in a modern research laboratory and a. complete. pi~ lot plant. · The · industrial plant, · which , might start operations. by· manufacturing de. siecated· coeonut: prodit<:ts and coir fiber, should have a . capacitY 9f 10,000 nuts -daily and produce a '·minimum of 1 ~500. kilos of desiceated coC:onut and 500 kilos of fiber. It' should ·desiccate coeonut in the most niodern . way ·and coconut . in the ·most modern way· and separate· coir fiber from coir dust. DesiccatP.<1 · coconut has a big. de': malid. ·in the United· States, where it C-oinniands .. a price three times higher t.han . that. of copra. Coir · fiber hli.i · a ,big demand liically and° aJsci. abroad .. 18 The research laboratory is necessary · to: ca-fry Oll research' work on the coconut and its by-products. The ··commercial ·feasibility of coccinut products will be tested in the laborato;ry, then in. a pilot plan~ If found profitable, the product will be added to ihe activities of the industrial plant. In this man-· ner, the industrialization- of the coconut will be pushed little by little, at the same time increasing its source of income. Cooperation between the members of the association and the scientists who direct operations . ·in the industrial plant and in the laboratory will r~sult in these sdftntages: 1. Greater income for painters on account of the fact that by-products will acquire commercial value. 2. Stabilization of coconut prices, as dependence on foreign markets will be eliminated. 3. More employment for people. . 4. Lower cost of goods such as la1·d, soap, food products and construction materials. 5. Decrease in Philippine importation of foodstuffs. · But how is the required P400,000 going to be raised? Before the war, about 400,000,000 nuts we1·e harvested yearly. By collecting one centavo for every 100 nuts were ing one centavo for every 100 nuts gathered by each individual plantation ·owner throughout the country, the amount required will be garnered. Results will be more favorable if onehslf ·centavo )Viii be collected for P.very fruit-bearinl!" three. Some 84,246,477 trees were registered as fruit-bearing in 1939. Now is the best time to industrialize the coconut; prices are irood. Coconut planters have more cash to spa1·e no\\· than during the years immediately before the war. · The industrialization program should be executed along the following sreneral lines: 1. Study possibilities of coco-lard and coco-margarine production from r.nr.onut cream; refined oil and food products from cocbnut milk; and construction materials from coconut husks. 2. Acquire mo!lern maehinery and· continue re~earch 'work on an· 11rodur.tion aspects .. 3. Train technical men. 4: Adopt ·modern labor methods. It secm11 o.bvious that ·every Cl!ntavo invested in thi11 enterprise will acquire a · permanP.nt ·income equivalent to th~ value of too··nuts. The profits .in :i>rosPeet are extremely. big ·in · comllarison ·with tiie inve.stnient.. · · · · TWo scli!ntists Sunday reported tfie dev .. lojlment of a new .radlatiOn met.hod which preserve& foods in one mlllionih. of. a second and "eliminates". some can-· cer in animals. The two are doctors Arno· ·Brasch and Wolfgang Huber of the research staff of the Elect1·onized Chemicals Corporation of New York. Most rays, including X-ray, sterilize and preserve but have damaging effects upon materials. The scientists decided most of these damaging effects are cumulative. If a high-powered. dosage could he fired into a substance at t1:rrific speed, they decided the damaging effects might be a\>oided. Writing in the Journal science, they reported they bombarded tissues of food and microbes with electrons, tl1e negatively-charged pa1ticles of atoms. They listed results: ( 1) Foods were preserved in a fresh, raw state in one millionth of a second without becoming radioactive . f;teaks, eggs and sea foods were kept perfectly for twelve days at high temperatures nfter being treated. Thus, the process appears to be a new method for wholesale preservation of foods that is now canned, frozen or dehydrated . (2) Cancers wen~ 'jeliminated" in rabbits. (3) Contaminated blood plasma, whole blood, dipthe1·ia antitoxin, penicillin, fluid milk and meat were purified. 'l'remendously fast bursts of <'lectrons were sufficient to kill microbes but did not rlamage the substance that harbored them. Only a tiny blast of elect'rons is necess111·y, the scientists said, because their intensity is one-half million to one billion times t~at of X-ray and thev penetr'lte deeper. The progress, they said, "will not inaterially increase the cost of the treat-· ed product" in large operations. MECHANIZED ... (F1·om page 3) vesters and combines. In the second place, the men who will manage these tractors in the field will have to be trained in the operation· of tractors and their accessories, as well as in the effi., cient utilization of these machinery in different farm enterpris~s There may be enough men available who can run tl'.i!,ctors or re-: pair them, but the' liam.~ people have not had any experience m the farm management aspects of . agricultur;d machil).ery. The timing of op~rations, the· proper type of eq1,1ipme~t to · ii~e;' an,~ .tl].e :pro-' per use of. such equipment ·under different- farm conditions and ' in various'. enterprises': on the farm (Cominued o~ _p~ge 20) COOPERA.TIVE MOVEMENT. . . (Contii1ued. frQn1 page 18) KIND Ampalaya ~ ••..•.• i Batao ............. I Beans, bash •..•.•. j Beans, pole ; ••..•.. J ;IJeet:S ••••••••••••• 1 Gabbage . ; •......•. 1 Caguios .....•••.. ( Camote (greens) ... 1 be.mote (tubers) ... f Cairot ...•..•..... 1 Cauliflower .....• -I Celery .: .......... f Chayote .... ; ...•.. I Corn (sweet) ...... f CGwpi!as .••••••••• I C~cumber .•......• 1 ·Eggplant •......... -I Gabi ••.•.•..•.••. -1 Garlic (greens) . : .. I Garlic (sets) •4 • • • • j Ginger ............ I Kangkong ......... I Lettuce •... · •.... · •• 1 Mustard . '..: ..... _. [ Okra., ............. 1 Onions (~ns) ... ) Onions (bulbs) . : ... I Patani .•.......... j Patola. . ............. i Peas .............. J P~hay ...... : ..... 1 Pepper ........... 1 Radishes .•....... ! Segoidilhis ..• , .... J Soybeans .......... I Sitao ··'···········I Squash ....••..•... I Talinw'n . • ....... ' • i Tapilan ..•....... f ~niips .. . .•... ; .• ;f Tomatoes •........ 1 'Hno .....••..•..... !' TABLE 2. Planting Season of Vegetal'.11es MJ>~::n l Jan. I Feb. Mar., ~pr.· 1 May I June 1 ·July I Aug. I Sept: I Oct; I Nov. I Dec; 150 180 60-75 60-90 90 100-110 120 60 120-160 7,5-160 75-150 90-100 i20 90 150 120 120 140-189 20-90 90-150 2'70 60 40-50 40,50 90-100 6().,90 90-105 210-240 150 40-80 40-50 90-150 60-90 150-180 110-140 120 120 40-50. 120 100cl40 60-80. 1.iio.150 XI x xx I xx 1· xx x x·1 x I x x I x I x xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx x I. XXl:XX XX X XI x x xx xx Xj I I XI x XI x 1 'X x x x x XI x. x x i I X J 1 x r I X I 'X x x x xx xx x xx xx xx xx xx xx x x xx xx xx xx xx xx ! xx xx xx xx x I x x x xx I xx xx xx ·x X.I xx I xx ·f xx I xx xx I xx xx I xx I xx···xx· 1 xx xx I xx xx x xx xx xx xx xx xx X-'-'Wlj;h less freoliency. xx...:;.wlth grea~ frequency. x xx x x .1 x ! x xx xx I xx ~;x : .\:X I XX xx xx xx x. ' I x x ; _ .. _ x ~ x i xx x .\ -"~\': xx XX X ! X x:< :\X ""'· X ·x X :\.,\ ."\ \ A I X X XX XX I XX :x:-;_ xx x x x I xx xx xx xx xx xx .xx XI xx I xx I xx· i x x x x I x I x XI x x I xx x I x I xx I xx I xx xx x I x J x XI X.j X xi I xx ·x I x xx I x I x ·xx x .i xx I .I xx x x .. , x: I xx I x .1 xx x X'.X XX I xx x .I ·1 ~x x I x X (XX x I x x I x x x x xx XI X xx I xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx x j x I, x I x I x xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx x x xx xx x I. x .x x x x XX XX· I .! xx xx xx x ·I x ·1 x 1 xx ·xx xx 1. X I XX XX XX J,i'ARMING AND COOPERATIVES EDITORIAL FARMING ANO SCIENCE _ Farming practices in the Philippines will find its own identification with seieri.ce along up-fo-date farming practices in tlie States in the _very near future. Our farms cannot and will not bring _prosperity unless the science neccessacy to make it prosper is applied as is done in more advanced countries. Development of farming in the l,Jnited States along scientific practices did not gain momentum until only about_ twenty-five years ago, according ·to· an American authority. Farmii:ig before that time was also slovenly and farmers looked suspici6usly on anything new in farming i>ractices until young me~- of America who had courage, govemment extension service men who had patience, showed the way by initiating new things themselv'es in rural places in the States. The development of the corn strain, wheat strain, garden crops, -pc>ultry, piggery and dairy in the States to such massive and comme1·ciallY successful state, did not really start with the American Independence. Then, they had the same fears as we have of floods that wash their corn and wheat fields, the dying of vegetable crops by the hundred tons in _a day due to insect pests and diseases, their pigs and poultry being ~ped out by pests, their cattle dying by the thousands due to ri:ilderp8l!t in a very short period. But the courage of American Science has conquered all these in time. · _ TO<f8y, cereals, vegetables; fr_nit trees, poultry, piggery, and dairy -are under scientific control in America. Farming has assumesd the stature of exact science. Practically all ills of plants have their remedi~ Soil fertility is scientifically conserved. Desired results iii breeds of fowls, pigs, cattle, horses, etc. are, from· the farming point of view,_ obtained and is commercial knowledge. - "This- is so because the problems have not been few. If there is any broad subject, it is agriculture. It is this tremendous scope of ag'riculture that became the driving force to American effort to s~ch enthusiasm and, intensity that made American agriculture what it is today.· We find in the United States of America an -ideal and an example. -Our brain and brawn and courage and initiative is the only answer. MECHANIZED~ .. (Contintied from w-ue 18) experience will still have to ·be provided the field personnel-and an- these take some time. Thirdly, _ technical_ farm management under mechanized farming . lnethodR is _something new in the Philippines. Its full grasp by the managers or superintendents of the farm· pro- - -Jects provides the keY to successful and efficient mechanized pro~ duction. Unless technical men j"lith some experience are put - In 2Q charge of the projects to be undertaken, mechanized agriculture as conceived- in the Commissfon's report to the President is bound to· fail. In other words, t~ ensure a minimum degree of success ·in the: mechanized_ projects under consideration :the best men available in farm management and operation will have to be employ~ - ed and p_ut to work in this production program .. Last, but not least, the Administration will have to deal with the usual slowness with which cooperating government agencies oper~ ate. Time is of. the essence of mechanized production, and mechanized agricultural production is no exception to the rule. Unless the necessary equipment are provided on time and the seeds are made available by the agencies concerned when these are needed, and unless the requisition for materials are filled at the proper time, then the field operations utilizing mechanized equipment will meet with failure. The essential thing is to match the facility with which the Administration will handle the mechanized aspects of farming with the same 8pecd and dispatch on the part of c:oopernting government agencieH in p1·0viding the a;.sistance or the m<Jterials that are needed IJy the people in charge of getting the projects under wa~·- The pi'incip:1 l solution to these problems lies in whole-hearterl cooperation from all agencies involved, together with an understanding and uppre,;iation of the necessity for propei· timing of the field operations. Our Government, desiring lo facilitate the opening up of several projects as soon as possible, has placed the rice and corn production program under the National Development Company. Buenaventura C. Lopez, Executive Secretary of the Rice and Corn Production Commission, was put as Officer-in-Charge. The initial effort is to get the pilot farm of about 2,000 hectares in the Sabani Estate in Nt1eva Ecija into full operation early this year. If sufficient agricultural machinery and equipment will become available, a 10,000-hectare project will be opened sometime this year. Preparations are now under way to start field operatio~s l!efore the rainy season begins. It is to be expected that this initial attempt in farm mechanization, as envisaged by the Rice and Corn Production Commission and approved by the President, will give the necessary impetus to large-scale mechanized production, not only of the principal food crops, but also of the mainstays of Pihlippine agriculture. The success of the present enterprise will bring all the incentives and the encouragement essential tQ the realization of extensive mechanized farming in this country. Replacement Parts For: • CATERPILLARS AND INTERNATIONAL TRACTORS • AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS • DIESEL ENGINES • THRESHERS, GENERAL AUTOMOTIVE, ETC. SER.VICE PARTS SUPPLY 218 LOPE DE VEGA, MANILA SUPER PARTS SERVICE 1036 RIZAL AVE., MANILA Serdee Engine Parts* Piston Hings * Hlaekstone DB 8-12 Cylinder Liner* Nozzle* lnjeetio11 t•111111• Parts * J•low J)isks and J•arts * lUagnetos and Parts* · Co111e Early .To Avoid Tl1e Rush ·---·-·- -·· ----···-Attention BOOK Bound copies of Farming and Cooperative Vol. 1- No. 1-12 Now available for Sale. Pl0.00 Book bound per set. For Libraries, for references, etc. ·Order your copy now. PHILIPPINE FARMERS ASSOCIATION 1055 Arlegui, Manila I I . I I I I I I I A Partial List of American Manufactures dealing in Agricultural Supplies and Equipment which we Exclusively Represent in the _Pllili11pim~s ... 1. Dr. SALSBURY'S LABORATORIES Charles City. Iowa ?llanufacturers of Poultry Medicines 2. BERKELEY PUMP COMP ANY Berkeley, California Manufacturers of Automatic Water System~ for Deep and Shallow Welh~ 3. BROWER MANUFACTURING CO. Quincy, Illinois ~Ianufacturers of Poultry Equipment 4. JA~~·li:S MANUFACTURING CO. · (,,;ikland. California ~fanufacturers of Barn Equipment 5. FLINT & WALLING MFG. CO. INC. Kendallville, Indiana Manufacturers of Windmills and Water Pumps 6. JENSEN SALSBERY LABORATORII.-:S Kansas City 10, Mo. Manufacturers of Livesh>ck Medicines an<l Veterinary Instruments 7. PULVUL COMPANY Sa•1 Francisco 11, Cal. Manui 1cturers of Mineral-Vitamin Supplements for Poultry anrl Animals 8. PHILIP R. PARK~· . San Pedro, ·cal. Producers of Man-a~m'ar !l. TRIANGLE MIL'LiNG CO. Portland, Oregon' Producers of Poultry and Dairv Feeds 10. PERRY'S HATCHERY . Hayward, Cal. Suppliers of Baby Chicks Shipperl by Air Express 11. SUPERIOR PAINT & VARNISH WORKS Chicago 14, Ill. Manufacturers of Paints and Insecticides 12· INTERSTATE PRINTERS & PUBLISHERS Danville, Ill. Printers and publishers of Agricultural Textbooks 13. JAR! PRODUCTS INC. Minneapolis, Minnesota Manufacturers .of the Jari Power Scythe and Other Agricultural Tools "Men with a Mission" ll FOR FARMERS WHO RECOG1 NIZE QUALITY ~N DESIGN & I PERFORMANCE IT IS · · Minneapolis Moline 1i MODERN FARM M.AC~H~~-ERY II~ i: .. H11ilt tn do thr H n1 k ~ ~I 1· J..I The progressiYe farmer _depends iii ' on modern machines ~o impr~~e 11: the productive capacity. of . is ~ I I Anv piece of Ml\I equ1pll ~~~t whether for plowing_. se_ed. harvesting or cult1vatmg mg, . add~d earnings and less '"" means ' 1 farmer " l '\ drudgery for the moc ern · '"' t~ i '. li (Ol llAH\'ESTOH I . ~1 ·'.'> THACTORS I I·· l l~ It ''°' Pl.O"'S ·"' SEEDEHS t!' HARRO\VS !!l HlTSKOHS \ : .. SPREAltER~ . .. PO"'Ell l~NITS AGRICULTURAL DIVISION . GREGORIO ARANET A, Inc. Radio Theatre Bldg., Estero Cegado, Quiapo · Manila